Skip to main content
Log in

Monitoring the Performance of Unsaturated Soil Slopes

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Field monitoring is necessary for the geotechnical engineer to verify design assumptions. More importantly, the field data may also be assembled into a comprehensive case record that is available for use when checking validity of any analytical and numerical models. The ongoing process of back-analysis in unsaturated soil engineering can help to refine and improve our understanding, providing guidance for future designs, where the effects of soil suction and hydraulic hysteresis are still being explored. A range of recent field studies of the mechanisms of rainfall infiltration into slopes is presented. In addition, some physical simulations of unsaturated soil slopes subjected to rainfall, rising ground water table and changes of moisture in centrifuge model tests are reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adib ME (2000) Slope failure in weathered claystone and siltstone. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 126(9):787–797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso EE (1998) Modeling expansive soil behaviour. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on unsaturated soils, vol 2. International Academic Publishers, Beijing, China, pp 37–70

  • Andersland OB, Ladanyi B (2004) An introduction to frozen ground engineering. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Arenson L, Hoelzle M, Springman SM (2002) Borehole deformation measurements and internal structure of some rock glaciers in Switzerland. Permafrost Periglac Process 13(2):117–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenson LU (2003) Unstable Alpine permafrost: a potentially important natural hazard—variations of geotechnical behaviour with time and temperature. Dissertation, ETHZ No. 14801, Switzerland

  • Arenson LU, Hawkins PG, Springman SM (2003) Pressuremeter tests within an active rock glacier in the Swiss Alps. In: Phillips M, Springman SM, Arenson LU (eds) Proceedings 8th international conference on permafrost, Zürich, Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands, vol 1, pp 33–38

  • Arenson LU, Johansen MM, Springman SM (2004) Effects of volumetric ice content and strain rate on shear strength under triaxial conditions for frozen soil samples. Permafrost Periglac Process 15(3):261–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenson LU, Springman SM (2005) Triaxial constant stress and constant strain rate tests on ice-rich permafrost samples. Can Geotech J 42(2):412–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold A, Thielen A, Springman SM (2005) On the stability of active layers in alpine permafrost. In: Proceedings 11th international conference and field trip on landslides (ICFL), Trondheim, Norway, pp 19–25

  • Bao CG, Ng CWW (2000) Keynote lecture: some thoughts and studies on the prediction of slope stability in expansive soils. In: Proceedings of 1st Asian conference on unsaturated soils, Singapore, pp 15–31

  • Barsch D (1996) Rockglaciers: indicators for the present and former geoecology in high mountain environments. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand EW (1984) Landslides in south Asia: a state-of-art report. In: Proceedings of 4th international symposium on landslides, Toronto, vol 1, pp 17–59

  • Chan RKS, Ho KKS (2001) Enhancing slope safety through lessons learnt from landslides. In: Proceedings of 14th Southeast Asian geotechnical conference, Hong Kong, vol 1, pp 709–714

  • Chiu CF, Cui YJ, Delage P, De Laure E, Haza E (2005) Lessons learnt from suction monitoring during centrifuge modeling. In: Tarantino A, Romero E, Cui YJ (eds) International symposium on advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento, pp 3–8

  • Deutscher MS, Gasmo JM, Rahardjo H, Leong EC, Tang SK (2000) Field measurements of pore-water pressure profiles in residual soil slopes of the Bukit Timah Granite Formation, Singapore. In: Proceedings of Asian conference on unsaturated soils, Singapore, pp 777–782

  • Dramis F, Govi M, Guglielmin M, Mortara G (1995) Mountain permafrost and slope instability in the Italian Alps. The Val Pola landslide. Permafrost Periglac Process 6:73–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer C, López J, Springman SM (2003) Remediation of an eroded steep slope in weathered sandstone after a major rainstorm. In: International conference on landslides, Hong Kong, pp 878–883

  • Fourie AB (1996) Predicting rainfall-induced slope instability. Proc Inst Civil Eng Geotech Eng 119:211–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund DG, Rahardjo H (1993) Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedel S, Thielen A, Springman SM (2006) Investigation of a slope endangered by rainfall-induced landslides using 3D resistivity tomography and geotechnical testing. J Appl Geophys 60(2):100–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuoka M (1980) Landslides associated with rainfall. Geotech Eng J Southeast Asia Soc Soil Eng 11:1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • GCO (1988) Guide to rock and soil descriptions. Geoguide 3, 1994 edition. Geotechnical Control Office, Hong Kong

  • Guan P, Ng CWW, Sun M, Tang WH (2001) Weathering indices for rhyolitic tuff and granite in Hong Kong. Eng Geol 59(1–2):147–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeberli W, Wegmann M, Vonder Mühll D (1997) Slope stability problems related to glacier shrinkage and permafrost degradation in the Alps. Eclo Geol Helv 90:407–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauck C, Vonder Mühll D (2003) Permafrost monitoring using DC resistivity tomography. In: Phillips M, Springman SM, Arenson LU (eds) Proceedings 8th international conference on permafrost, Zürich, Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands, vol 1, pp 361–366

  • Hauck C, Vonder Mühll D, Hoelzle M (2005) Permafrost monitoring in high mountain areas using a coupled geophysical and meteorological approach. In: de Jong C, Ranzi R (eds) Hydrological and meteorological coupling in mountain areas: experiments and modelling. Wiley

  • Hauck C, Vonder Mühll D, Maurer H (2003) Using DC resistivity tomography to detect and characterise mountain permafrost. Geophys Prospect 51:273–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ireson A, Wheater H, Butler A, Finch J, Cooper JD, Wyatt RG, Hewitt EJ (2005) Field monitoring of matric potential and soil water content in the Chalk unsaturated zone. In: Tarantino A, Romero E, Cui YJ (eds) Advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento, pp 511–517

  • Lim TT, Rahardjo H, Chang MF, Fredlund DG (1996) Effect of rainfall on matrix suctions in residual soil slope. Can Geotech J 33:618–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu TH (1997) Problems of expansive soils in engineering construction. Architecture and Building Press of China (In Chinese)

  • Machado SL, Botelho MAB, Amparo NS, Dourado TC (2005) The use of the ground penetrating radar, GPR as a non intrusive method to measure soil water content. In: Tarantino A, Romero E, Cui YJ (eds) International symposium, advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento, pp 519–525

  • Maurer HR, Springman SM, Arenson LU, Musil M, Vonder Mühll D (2003) Characterisation of potentially unstable mountain permafrost—a multidisciplinary approach. In: Phillips M, Springman SM, Arenson LU (eds) Proceedings 8th international conference on permafrost, Zürich, Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands, vol 2, pp 741–746

  • Mofiz SA, Sarkar DC, Sobhan MA., Rahman MM, Awall MR, Taha MR, Hossain MK (2005) Instrumentation and matric soil suction measurement in a decomposed granite soil slope. In: Tarantino A, Romero E, Cui YJ (eds) International symposium, advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics, Trento, pp 527–532

  • Musil M, Maurer H, Green AG, Horstmeyer H, Nitsche FO, Vonder Mühll D, Springman SM (2002) Case history: shallow seismic surveying of an Alpine rock glacier. Geophysics 67(6):1701–1710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW (1992) An evaluation of soil-structure interaction associated with a multi-propped deep excavation. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, UK

  • Ng CWW (2005) Invited country report: “Failure mechanisms and stabilisation of loose fill slopes in Hong Kong”. In: Proceedings of international seminar on slope disasters in geomorphological/geotechnical engineering, Osaka, 10 September, pp 71–84

  • Ng CWW, Guan P, Shang YJ (2001a) Weathering mechanisms and indices of igneous rocks of Hong Kong. Q J Eng Geol Hydrol 34(2):133–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW, Wang B, Tung YK (2001b) 3D numerical investigations of groundwater responses in an unsaturated slope subjected to various rainfall patterns. Can Geotech J 38(5):1049–1062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW, Van Laak P, Tang WH, Li XS, Zhang LM (2001c) The Hong Kong geotechnical centrifuge. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference soft soil engineering, Hong Kong, pp 225–230

  • Ng CWW, Menzies B (2007) Advanced unsaturated soil mechanics and engineering. Taylor & Francis, 687 p, ISBN: 978-0-415-43679-3

  • Ng CWW, Zhan LT (2007) Comparative study of rainfall infiltration into a bare and a grassed unsaturated expansive soil slope. Soil Found 47(2):207–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng CWW, Zhang M, Shi XG (2002) An investigation into the use of soil nails in loose fill slopes. Invited keynote paper (In Chinese). In: Proceedings of the first Chinese symposium on geoenvironment and geosynthetics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, pp 61–80

  • Ng CWW, Zhan LT, Bao CG, Fredlund DG, Gong BW (2003) Performance of an unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to artificial rainfall infiltration. Géotechnique 53(2):143–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Premchitt J, Brand EW, Phillipson HB (1986) Landslides caused by rapid groundwater changes. Groundwater in Engineering Geology, in Proceedings of 21st Annual conference engineering group of geological society, London, pp 87–94

  • Premchitt J, Lam TSK, Shen JM, Lam HF (1992) Rainstorm runoff on slopes. GEO Report No. 12, Civil Engineering Department, Hong Kong

  • Proclim (2000) Climate Press Nr. 8, May. www.proclim.ch

  • Rahardjo H, Lee TT, Leong EC, Rezaur RB (2005) Response of a residual soil slope to rainfall. Can Geotech J 42:340–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahardjo H, Leong EC, Gasmo JM, Deutscher MS (1998) Rainfall-induced slope failures in Singapore: investigation and repairs. In: Proceedings of 13th Southeast Asian conference, vol 1, pp 147–152

  • Schaer C, Davies T, Frei C, Wanner H, Widmann M, Wild M, Davies HC (1998) Current Alpine climate. In: Cebon P, Dahinden U, Davies HC, Imboden D, Jaeger C (eds) A view from the Alps: regional perspectives on climate change, chapter 2. MIT, Boston

  • Springman SM, Jommi C, Teysseire P (2003) Instabilities on moraine slopes induced by loss of suction: a case history. Géotechnique 53(1):3–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springman SM, Teysseire P (2001) Artificially induced rainfall instabilities on moraine slopes. In: Kühne M et al (eds) Proceedings of the international conference on landslides, Davos, VGE, Essen, pp 209–223

  • Sun HW, Law WHY, Ng CWW, Tung YK, Liu JK (2000) The 2nd July 1997 Lai Ping Road Landslide, Hong Kong—hydrogeological characterisation. In: Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on landslides, Cardiff, vol. 3, pp 1431–1436

  • Sweeney DJ (1982) Some in situ soil suction measurements in Hong Kong residual soil slopes. In: Proceedings of the 7th Southeast Asian Geot. conference, Hong Kong, pp 91–106

  • Take WA, Bolton MD (2003) Tensiometer saturation and the reliable measurement of soil suction. Géotechnique 53(2):159–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Take WA, Bolton MD, Wong PCP, Yeung FJ (2004) Evaluation of landslide triggering mechanisms in model fill slopes. Landslides 1:173–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teysseire P, Cortona L, Springman SM (2000) Water retention in a steep moraine slope during periods of heavy rain. In: Rahardjo H, Toll D, Leong C (eds) Proceedings of unsaturated soils for Asia, Singapore, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 831–836

  • Thielen A, Friedel S, Plötze M, Springman SM (2005) Combined approach for site investigation in terms of the analysis of rainfall induced landslides. In: 16th International conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Osaka, Japan, pp 2591–2594

  • Thielen A, Springman SM (2005) First results of a monitoring experiment for the analysis of rainfall induced landslides. In: Tarantino A, Romero E, Cui YJ (eds) International symposium on advanced experimental unsaturated soil mechanics—EXPERUS 2005, Trento, pp 549–554

  • Vonder Mühll DS, Arenson LU, Springman SM (2003) Temperature conditions in two Alpine rock glaciers. In: Phillips M, Springman SM, Arenson LU (eds) Proceedings 8th international conference on permafrost, Zürich, Balkema, Lisse, The Netherlands, vol 2, pp 1195–1200

  • Vonder Mühll D, Haeberli W, Klingele E (1996) Geophysikalische Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Stabilität eines Moränendammes am Grubengletscher (Wallis). Interpraevent 123–132

  • Wang Z, Gong BW, Bao CG (2000) The measurement of matric suction in slopes of unsaturated soil. In: Rahardjo H, Toll D,Leong C (eds) Proceedings of the Asian conference on unsaturated soils, Singapore, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 843–846

  • White DJ, Take WW, Bolton MD (2003) Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and photogrammetry. Géotechnique 53:619–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolle CM, Hachich W (1989) Rain-induced landslides in south-eastern Brazil. In: Proceedings of 12th international conference soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Rio de Janeiro, vol 3, pp 1639–1644

  • Yagi N, Yatabe R, Yokota K, Bhandary NP (2000) Suction measurement for prediction of slope failure due to rainfall. In: Rahardjo H, Toll D, Leong C (eds) Proceedings of the Asian conference on unsaturated soils, Singapore, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 847–851

  • Zhan LT (2003) Field and laboratory study of an unsaturated expansive soil associated with rain-induced slope instability. PhD Thesis, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong. China

  • Zhan LT, Ng CWW, Fredlund DG (2006). Instrumentation of an unsaturated expansive soil slope. Geotech Test J 30(2):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou ZB, Ng CWW (2004) Centrifuge modelling of a densely recompacted unreinforced CDG fill slope. Interim Factual Testing Report VIII-CG65_30, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

  • Zhou RZB, Take A, Ng CWW (2006) A case study in tensiometer interpretation: centrifuge modelling of unsaturated slope behaviour. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on unsaturated soils, April, Arizona, vol 2, pp 2300–2311

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charles W. W. Ng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ng, C.W.W., Springman, S.M. & Alonso, E.E. Monitoring the Performance of Unsaturated Soil Slopes. Geotech Geol Eng 26, 799–816 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9203-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9203-6

Keywords

Navigation