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Modulation of appetite, lipid and glucose metabolism of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by different dietary protein levels

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Abstract

This study was undertaken to explore the systemic metabolic strategies of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) to maintain growth when fed with different dietary protein levels. The optimal growth group and two growing discomfort groups were selected through the basic data, to explain the growth difference from appetite regulation and lipid and glucose metabolism perspective. Three experimental diets were formulated with three dietary protein levels at 200.3, 296.1 and 442.9 g kg−1, named P1, P2 and P3, respectively. Juvenile grass carp (initial body weight 12.28 ± 0.14 g) were fed with three diets with 3 replications per dietary treatment in an indoor recirculation system for an 8-week feeding trial. Fish fed with diet P2 dietary group showed significantly higher WG, SGR, FI and PER than other groups. Compared with other groups, mRNA expressions of NPY, Y8a and Y8b in fish fed with P2 significantly down-regulated, while the expressions of CCK and CART in fish fed with P3 significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). With increasing dietary protein levels, G6Pase, GK, PK and PEPCK were all significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). For lipid metabolism, the mRNA expression of ACC in P1 dietary group was significantly higher than P3 dietary group; besides, LPL expression in P3 group was significantly higher than other two groups (P < 0.05). PPARα expression in P2 was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). These results suggested that grass carp fed with P2 (296.1 g kg−1 protein level) showed highest weight gain, contributed to more balanced nutrient metabolism and appetite regulation. Too high dietary protein (442.9 g kg−1) should be avoided because it induced lowest PER, body lipid and liver lipid, and inhibited glucose and lipid metabolism in juvenile grass carp.

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Abbreviations

FI:

Feed intake

WG:

Weight gain

FW:

Final body weight

SGR:

Specific growth ratio

PER:

Protein efficiency ratio

VSI:

Viscerosomatic index

HSI:

Hepatosomatic index

SR:

Survival ratio

CHO:

Cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

CART:

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript

CCK:

Cholecystokinin

ACC:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

PPARα:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type α

G6Pase:

Glucose-6-phosphatase

GK:

Glucokinase

PK:

Pyruvate kinase

PEPCK:

Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase

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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2014CB138601), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31272641) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662015PY041 and 2015QC023).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China

      Jiao Li, Liwei Liu, Xu-Fang Liang, Xiaochen Yuan, Jie Li, Bin Li, Qingchao Wang & Jinguang Fang

    2. Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China

      Jiao Li, Liwei Liu, Xu-Fang Liang, Xiaochen Yuan, Jie Li, Bin Li & Jinguang Fang

    3. National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Station, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China

      Min Xue & Jia Wang

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    1. Jiao Li
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    3. Xu-Fang Liang
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    Correspondence to Xu-Fang Liang.

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    Jiao Li and Liwei Liu have contributed equally to this work.

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    Li, J., Liu, L., Liang, XF. et al. Modulation of appetite, lipid and glucose metabolism of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by different dietary protein levels. Fish Physiol Biochem 43, 297–307 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0287-2

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