Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A study on the significance of lithology in groundwater quality of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu (India)

  • Case Study
  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The groundwater occurs in hard rock aquifers, which is more predominant in India. It is more common in the southern peninsula especially Tamil Nadu. Madurai district is located in the central part of Tamil Nadu, underlain predominantly by crystalline formations and alluvium along the river course. The study area being a hard rock terrain, the groundwater is stored in cracks, fissures, joints, etc., and hence the quantity is lesser. The frequent failure of monsoon also aggravates the scarcity of this commodity. In this scenario, the quality and hydrogeochemistry of the available quantum of water plays a significant role for the determination of its utility and in tracing out the hydrogeochemical evaluation. Fifty-four groundwater samples were collected representing the entire study area. The samples collected were representative covering all the major litho units of the study area (charnockite -21, fissile hornblende biotite gneiss-21, granite-4, quartzite-3, and 5 samples from flood plain alluvium). The samples collected were analyzed for major ions and were classified for different purposes like drinking, domestic, and agriculture, with respect to lithology. The comparison of the groundwater samples with the drinking water standards shows that few samples fall above the drinking water limit irrespective of lithology. The samples were classified with sodium absorption ratio, electrical conductivity, residual sodium carbonate, sodium percentage (Na %), Kellys ratio, and magnesium hazard, and permeability index for irrigation purpose found that most of the samples were suitable for irrigation purpose irrespective of lithology. Total hardness and corrosivity index were studied for the domestic purpose and found that the samples of the granitic terrain are safe. Apart from this, index of base exchange, Schoellers water type, Stuyfzands classification were attempted along with Gibbs plot to determine the major geochemical activity of the region. The study reveals that the samples collected from granitic and quartzitic terrains are comparatively better for the domestic and drinking purpose due to the presence of resistant minerals to weathering.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdalla, F. A., & Scheytt, T. (2012). Hydrochemistry of surface water and groundwater from a fractured carbonate aquifer in the Helwan area. Egypt Journal of Earth System Science, 121(1), 109–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anku, S. Y., Banoeng-Yakubo, B., & Yidana, S. M. (2008). Water quality analysis of groundwater in crystalline basement rocks Northern Ghana. Environmental Geology, 58(5), 989–997. doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1578-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arabi, S. A., Funtua, I. I., Alagbe, S. A., Zabosrki, P., & Dewu, B. B. M. (2010). Investigation of groundwater quality for Domestic and Irrigation purposes around Gubrunde and Environs, Northeastern Nigeria. Journal of American Science, 6(12), 664–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balamurugan, C., & Dheenadayalan, M. S. (2012). Studies on the quality of groundwater in Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3), 1632–1637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celik, M., & Yildirim, T. (2006). Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater quality in the Cavuscayi Basin, Sungurlu-Corum, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 50, 323–330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CGWB. (2007). Central groundwater board. Madurai district: District Groundwater Brochure.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chidambaram, S. (2000). Hydrogeochemical studies of groundwater in Periyar district, Tamilnadu, India. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Geology, Annamalai.

  • Chidambaram, S., Karmegam, U., Prasanna, M. V., Sasidhar, P., & Vasanthavigar, M. (2011). A study on hydrochemical elucidation of coastal groundwater in and around Kalpakkam region, southern India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 64(5), 1419–1431. doi:10.1007/s12665-011-0966-3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M. V., Srinivasamoorthy, K., & Anandhan, P. (2007a). A study on Thermodynamic stability of groundwater in different lithounits from Gadilam river basin, Tamilnadu, India. In S. Rajandran (Ed.), Mineral exploration: recent strategies (pp. 391–400). New Delhi: New India publishing Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chidambaram, S., Ramanathan, A. L., Anandhan, P., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Prasanna, M. V., & Vasudevan, S. (2008). A statistical approach to identify the hydrogeochemically active regimes in ground waters of Erode district, Tamilnadu. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 5(3), 123–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chidambaram, S., Ramanathan, AL., & Srinivasamoorthy, K. (2003). Lithological influence on the groundwater chemistry—Periyar district. a case study. International Conference on coastal and freshwater issues (p. 173) Organised by Institute of ocean management and Integrated centre for environmental sciences in Anna University, Chennai, India.

  • Chidambaram, S., Vijayakumar, V., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Anandhan, P., Prasanna, M. V., & Vasudevan, S. (2007b). A study on variation in ionic composition of aqueous system in different lithounits around Perambalur region, Tamil Nadu. Journal of Geological Society of India, 70(6), 1061–1069.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das, S., & Sar, S.N. (1988). Groundwater exploration in Orissa. Tech. Annual, Inst. of Engineers, Bhubaneswar (pp. 84–95).

  • Datta, P. S., & Tyagi, S. K. (1996). Major ion chemistry of groundwater in Delhi area: chemical weathering processes and groundwater flow regime. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 47, 179–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobrzyski, D. (2007). Chemical diversity of groundwater in the Carboniferous–Permian aquifer in the UnisΠawAlaski—SokoΠowsko area (the Sudetes, Poland); a geochemical modelling approach. Acta GeologicaPolonica, 57(1), 97–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domenico, P. A., & Schwartz, F. W. (1998). Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology 2nd ed (p. 506). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doneen, L. D. (1948). The quality of irrigation water. California Agriculture Department, 4(11), 6–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • DS, C. A. R. (2008). Centre for agricultural and rural development studies (p. 290). Coimbatore: A report on District Agriculture plan, Madurai district Published by Tamilnadu agricultural university.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, E. M. (1950). Significance of Carbonate in irrigation water. Soil Science, 69, 123–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, A. D., Clesceri, L. S., & Greenberg, A. E. (1995). Standard methods for the examination or water and wastewater (19th ed.). Washington DC: APHA, AWWA, WEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds, W. M., Shand, P., Hart, P., & Ward, R. S. (2003). The natural (baseline) quality of groundwater: A UK pilot study. Science of the Total Environment, 310, 25–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, W. W., & Bakker, A. C. (1973). The comparative effect of exchangeable Ca, Mg and Na on some soil physical properties of red brown earth soils. 2. The spontaneous dispersion of aggregates in water. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 11, 151–152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S., Chilton, J., Moench, M., Cardy, F., & Schiffler, M. (2000). Groundwater in Rural Development:Facing the Challenges of Supply and Resource Sustainability. World Bank Technical Paper 463. Washington, DC, USA.

  • Freeze, A. R., & Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater (p. 604). New Jersey: Prentice–Hall Inc Englewood cliffs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrels, R. M., & Christ, C. L. (1965). Solutions minerals and equilibria (p. 450). New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghafoor, A., Azam, M., & Shoaib, M. (1993). Characterization of tube well and hand pump waters in the Faisalabad tehsil Pakistan. Journal of Soil Science, 8, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghafoor, A., Ullah, F., & Abdullah, M. (1990). Use of high Mg brackish water for reclamation of saline sodic soil. 1. Soil improvement. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 27, 294–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R. J. (1970). Mechanisms controlling world’s water chemistry. Science, 170, 1088–1090.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • APHA. (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 19th Edn. Washington DC, USASS: APHA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handa, B. K. (1964). Modified classification procedure for rating irrigation waters. Soil Science, 98(2), 264–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hem, J. D. (1985). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. USGS water supply paper, 2254, 117–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hostetler, P. B. (1964). The degree of saturation of magnesium and calcium carbonate minerals in natural waters (pp. 34–49). pairs: International Association of Scientific Hydrology Commission of Subterranean Waters Publication64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janardhana, N. R. (2007). Hydrogeochemical parameters for assessment of groundwater quality in the upper Gunjanaeru River basin, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Environmental Geology, 52, 1067–1074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JnNURM. (2009). Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. An update on projects (as of 15.10.2009). A report on Madurai Corporation.

  • Kanwar, J. S., & Chaudhry, M. L. (1968). Effect of Mg on the uptake of nutrients from the soil. Journal of Research Pb Agricultural Uni, 3, 309–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmegam, U., Chidambaram, S., Sasidhar, P., Manivannan, R., Manikandan, S., & Anandhan, P. (2010). Geochemical characterization of groundwater’s of shallow coastal Aquifer in and Around Kalpakkam, South India. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2(4), 170–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W. P. (1940). Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 66, 607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kortatsi, BK. (2004). Hydrochemistry of groundwater in the mining area of Tarkwa-Prestea, Ghana. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra (pp. 70–85).

  • Lakshmanan, E., Kannan, K., & Senthil Kumar, M. (2003). Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrogeochemical process of groundwater in part of Kancheepuram district, Tamilnadu India. Journal of Environmental Geosciences, 10(4), 157–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, C. M., & Jiao, J. J. (2006). Heavy metal and trace element distributions in groundwater in natural slopes and highly urbanized spaces in mid-levels area hong kong. Water Research, 40(4), 753–767.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, AM., Davies, J., & Dochartaigh, BEO. (2002). Simple methods for assessing groundwater resources in low permeability areas in Africa. BGS commissioned report, (p. 71).

  • Mahadevaswamy, G., Nagaraju, D., Siddalingamurthy, S., Lone Krishna Rao., M. S., Nagesh., P. C., & Rao, K. (2011). Groundwater quality studies in Nanjangud Taluk, Mysore District, Karnataka India. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(7), 1582–1591.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manikandan, S., Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M. V., Thivya, C., & Karmegam, U. (2011). Hydrochemical characterstics and Groundwater quality assessment in Krishnagiri district, Tamilnadu, india. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 04(04), 623–632.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manivannan, R. (2011). Hydrogeochemistry of Groundwater in Dindugal district,Tamilnadu, India. Unpublished Ph.D thesis. Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University (p. 276).

  • Manivannan, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Karmegam, U., Singaraja, C., Johnsonbabu, G., et al. (2011). Study on the significance of temporal ion chemistry in groundwater of Dindigul district, Tamilnadu India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 8(2), 938–944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, P. C., Behera, P. C., & Patel, R. K. (2005). Contamination of water due to major industries and open refuse dumping in the steel city of Orissa: A case study. ASCE, Journal of Environmental Science. Engineering, 47(2), 141–154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, R., Singh, A. K., Tripathi, J. K., & Chowdhary, G. C. (2000). Hydrochemistry and quality assessment of groundwater in Naini industrial area, Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 55, 77–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraju, A., Suresh, S., Killham, K., & Hudson-Edwards, K. (2006). Hydrogeochemistry of waters of Mangampeta Barite Mining Area, Cuddapah basin, Andhra Pradesh, India. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 30, 203–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navaraj, P. S., & Krishnammal, S. (2012). Investigation of water quality and its quotient factor in Thiruppalai Village, Madurai, India. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS), 2(6), 40–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Offiong, O. E., & Edet, A. E. (1998). Water quality assessment in Akpabuyo, cross river basin, south eastern Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 34(2/3), 167–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olajire, A. A., & Imeokparia, F. E. (2001). Water quality assessment of O sun river: Studies on inorganic nutrients. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 69(1), 17–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olayinka, A. I., Abimbola, A. F., Isibor, R. A., & Rafiu, A. B. (1999). A geoelectrichydrochemical investigation of shallow groundwater occurrence in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 37, 31–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ophori, D. U., & Tóth, J. (1989). Patterns of groundwater chemistry, Ross creek basin, Alberta Canada. Ground Water, 27(1), 20–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlikowski, D., Weigelhofer, G., & Hein, T. (2006). The impact of river water on groundwater quality in an urban floodplain area, the Lobau in Vienna. Proceedings 36th International Conference of IAD. Austrian Committee Danube Research/IAD, 04.-08.2006, Vienna, 200-202; ISBN: 978-3-9500723-2-7.

  • Paliwal, K. V. (1967). Effect of gypsum application on the quality of irrigation waters. The Madras Agricultural Journal, 59, 646–647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papatheodorou, G., Demopouloua, G., & Lambrakis, N. (2006). A long-term study of temporal hydrochemical data in a shallow lake using multivariate statistical techniques. Ecological Modelling, 193, 759–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Partey, FK., Land, LA., & Frey, B. (2010). Final Report of the Geochemistry of Bitter Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Roswell, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-File Report no. 526, p. 20.

  • Prasad, NBN. (1984). Hydrogeological studies in the Bhadra River Basin, Karnataka, India. University of Mysore, Ph.D thesis, p. 323.

  • Prasanna, MV. (2008). Hydrogeochemical studies in the Gadilam river basin, Tamilnadu. Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis, Department of Earth sciences, Annamalai University, p. 265.

  • Prasanna, MV., Chidambaram, S., Srinivasamoorthy, K., John Peter, A., & Anandhan, P. (2007). Hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater in Gadilam River Basin, through statistical analysis. International Quarterly Journal of Environment and Social Sciences, 2(1), 21–26.

  • Prasanna, M. V., Chidambaram, S., & Srinivasamoorthy, K. (2010). Statistical analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in hard and sedimentary aquifers system of Gadilam river basin, South India. Journal of King Saud University Science, 22(3), 133–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishna, K. (1998). Ground Water (p. 556). India: Hand Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranjana, UK., Piyadasa., Champa Naverathna, M. (2011). River Sand Mining in Southern Sri- Lanka and its Effect on Environment. 11th International River symposium on “A Future of Extremes” Brisbane, Australia, 2008.

  • Richard, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Handbook, 60, 160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryznre, J. W. (1944). A new index for determining amount of calcium carbonate scale formed by water. Journal of American water works association, 36, 472–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan, P., Arun Prasad, K., Sudha, G., & Ilangovan, P. (2011). An assessment of environmental degradation: Case study of Avaniyapuram town panchayat Madurai. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(7), 1507–1514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, V. K. (2004). Geothermal resources of India (pp. 48–70). Chennai: Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeller, H. (1965). Hydrodynamic dams lekar collogue. Doboronik, 1, 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeller, H. (1967). Methods and techniques of groundwater investigation and development. Water resources series No: 33, UNESCO.

  • Shainberg I, Oster JD (1978) Quality of Irrigation Water. International Irrigation Information Centre. IIIC Publication No.2. 65p. ISBN 0-08-023822-X. Bet Dagan, Israel.

  • Shukla, S., & Jaber, F.H. (2006). Groundwater Recharge from Agricultural Areas in the Flatwoods Region of South Florida. Fact Sheet ABE370 Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

  • Srinivasamoorthy, K., Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M. V., Vasanthavigar, M., John Peter, A., & Anandhan, P. (2008). Identification of major sources controlling Groundwater Chemistry from a hard rock terrain— A case study from Metturtaluk, Salem district, Tamilnadu India. Journal of Earth System Sciences, 117(1), 49–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinivasamoorthy, K., Sarma, V. S., Vasantavigar, M., Vijayaraghavan, K., Chidambaram, S., & Rajivganthi, R. (2009). Electrical imaging techniques for groundwater pollution studies: A case study from Tamilnadu state, south India. Earth Science Research Journal, 13(1), 30–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumm, W., & Morgan, J. J. (1996). Aquatic chemistry. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuyfzand, P.J. (1989). Nonpoint sources of trace elements in potable groundwaters in the Netherlands. Proceedings 18th TWSA Water Workings. Testing and Research Institute KIWA.

  • Subba Rao, N. (2006). Seasonal variation of ground water quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 49, 413–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subba Rao, N. S., Gurunadha, V. V. S., & Guta, C. P. (1998). Groundwater pollution due to discharge of industrial effluents in Venkatapuram area, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Geology, 33, 289–294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subbarao, C., Subbarao, N. V., & Chandu, S. N. (1996). Characterization of groundwater contamination using factor analysis. Environmental Geology, 28, 175–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcs, I., & Darab, C. (1964). The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In: Proceedings of 8th International Congress of Isss, Trans, vol II, pp 803–812.

  • Thilagavathi, R., Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M.V., Thivya, C., & Singaraja, C. (2012). A study on groundwater geochemistry and water quality in layered aquifers system of Pondicherry region, southeast India. Applied Water Science. doi:10.1007/s13201-012-0045-2.

  • Tijani, J. (1994). Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater in Moro area, Kwara state, Nigeria. Environmental Geology, 24, 194–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, D. K. (1980). Ground water hydrology (p. 535). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi, S.K., Datta, P.S., Kulshreshtha, S., & Sharma, R.K. (2008). Isotopic and Hydrochemical Signatures in Characterizing Pollutants Movement in Overexploited Groundwater Aquifers of Delhi State. 3rd WEPA International Forum on Water Environmental Governance in Asia, (pp. 1–8).

  • USSL. (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of Saline and alkali soils, USDA Handbook, v.60,147p.

  • Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Rajiv Ganthi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., et al. (2010). Application of water quality index for ground water quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 171(1–4), 595–609. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-1302-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venturelli, G., Boschetti, Tiziano, & duchy, V. (2003). Na-carbonate waters of extreme composition possible origin and evolution. Geochemical Journal, 37, 351–366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanda, E., Monjerezi, Maurice, Mwatseteza, J. F., & Kazembe, L. N. (2011). Hydro-geochemical appraisal of groundwater quality from weathered basement aquifers in Northern Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C, 36(14–15), 1197–1207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayland, K., Long, D., Hyndman, D., Pijanowski, B., Woodhams, S., & Haack, K. (2003). Identifying relationships between base flow geochemistry and land use with synoptic sampling and R-Mode factor analysis. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 180–190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (World Health Organization). (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality recommendations, vol 1 (p. 515). Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, L. V. (1955). Classification and use of irrigation water. US Geological Department Agri. Circ, 969, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, H., & Kennedy, G. C. (1969). Stability relations in thr systems CaSO4–H2O at high temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science, Schairer, 267-A, 550–557.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors Prof. S. Chidambaram, Miss. C. Thivya wish to express their thanks to University Grants Commission (UGC), India, for providing the necessary financial support to carry out this study with vide reference to UGC letter No. F: 39-143/2010 (SR) dated 27.12.2010.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, India

    C. Thivya, S. Chidambaram, C. Singaraja, R. Thilagavathi & P. Anandhan

  2. Department of Applied Geology, School of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    M. V. Prasanna

  3. Department of Geology, Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi, India

    I. Jainab

Authors
  1. C. Thivya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Chidambaram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Singaraja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. R. Thilagavathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. V. Prasanna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P. Anandhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. I. Jainab
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. V. Prasanna.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Thivya, C., Chidambaram, S., Singaraja, C. et al. A study on the significance of lithology in groundwater quality of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu (India). Environ Dev Sustain 15, 1365–1387 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9439-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9439-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation