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Greenhouse gas emissions and energy exchange in wet and dry season rice: eddy covariance-based approach

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Abstract

Lowland tropical rice-rice system has a unique micrometrological characteristic that affects both energy component and net ecosystem energy. Periodic and seasonal variations of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy exchange from irrigated lowland rice-rice ecosystem were studied using open-path eddy covariance (EC) system during the dry (DS) and wet (WS) seasons in 2015. Concurrently, the manual chamber method was employed in nitrous oxide (N2O) measurement efflux. Cumulative net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) was observed highest (− 232.55 g C m−2) during the WS and lowest (− 14.81 g C m−2) during wet fallow (WF). Similarly, the cumulative net ecosystem methane exchange (NEME) was found highest (13,456.5 mg CH4 m−2) during the WS and lowest (2014.3 mg CH4 m−2) during the WF. Surface energy fluxes, i.e., sensible (Hs) and latent heat (LE) fluxes, showed a similar trend. With the advancement of time, the ratio of ecosystem respiration (Re) and gross primary production (GPP) increased. The cumulative global warming potential (GWP) for the two cropping seasons including two fallows was 13,224.1 kg CO2 equivalent ha−1. The GWP and NEME showed a similar trend as soil enzymes and labile carbon pools in both seasons (except GWP at the harvesting stage in the wet season). The mean NEE exhibited a more negative value with decrease in labile pools from panicle initiation to harvesting stage in the WS. Soil labile C and soil enzymes can be used as an indicator of NEE, NEME, and GWP in lowland rice ecology.

Schematic presentation of GHG emission and energy exchange in lowland rice

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Funding

The work has been partially supported by a grant from the ICAR-NICRA project and NRRI. Part of the result is the finding for the doctorate degree of Mr. Chinmaya Kumar Swain. The authors are thankful to LICOR Inc., Campbell Scientific Corp. (Canada), and Elcome Technologies Pvt. Ltd. for their technical assistance and support during the study.

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  1. Division of Crop Production, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India

    Chinmaya Kumar Swain, Amaresh Kumar Nayak, Pratap Bhattacharyya, Dibyendu Chatterjee, Sumanta Chatterjee, Rahul Tripathi & B. Dhal

  2. Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, 753003, India

    Nihar Ranjan Singh

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  1. Chinmaya Kumar Swain
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Swain, C.K., Nayak, A.K., Bhattacharyya, P. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions and energy exchange in wet and dry season rice: eddy covariance-based approach. Environ Monit Assess 190, 423 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6805-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6805-1

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