Skip to main content
Log in

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in some ecosystem components of Manzala Lake

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To evaluate the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) contamination of Manzala Lake, its ecosystem was investigated during the winter season (December to March). The studied ecosystem components were water, sediment, aquatic weeds, and fishes in four locations. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Pollutant levels of total OCPs showed significantly high levels in the water areas of Round road (46.253 ng/ml), Port-Said Damietta road (19.301 ng/ml), followed by Bughas El-Rasoah (5.539 ng/ml), then Ashtoum El Gamel (natural reserve area now) (0.289 ng/ml). Organochlorines were detected in sediment only in Round road (3.359 μg/kg) and Port-Said Damietta road (0.171 μg/kg) by significant order while they were undetectable in Ashtoum El Gamel and Bughas El-Rasoah. Total OCPs in aquatic weeds ranged between 0.194 μg/kg in Port-Said Damietta and 0.026 μg/kg in Ashtoum El Gamel. While OCPs were 0.160 and 0.153 μg/kg in Round road and Bughas El-Rasoah, respectively. Concerning fish muscles OCPs were significantly higher in the Round road area (0.397 μg/kg) followed by the Port-Said Damietta road (0.258 μg/kg), and finally, Ashtoum El Gamel samples (0.126 μg/kg). The results revealed the direct relation for the accumulation of OCPs between studied ecosystem parameters at the Manzala Lake during the winter season. Results also demonstrated that fish samples collected from the Manzala Lake in the studied areas were contaminated with levels of organochlorines, not higher than the maximum permissible level recorded by FAO/WHO, and that the public is not at risk with fish consumption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbassy, M. S., Ibrahim, H., & Abu El-Amayem, M. (1999). Occurrence of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water of the Nile River at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damietta branches, North of Delta, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part. B, 34(2), 255–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abbassy, M. S., Ibrahim, H. Z., & Abdel-Kader, H. M. (2003). Persistent organochlorine pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Manzala, Egypt. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70(6), 1158–1164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdallah, A. M., & Ali, H. A. (1994). Residue levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons compound in fish from El-Max Bay and Maruit Lake, Alexandria, Egypt. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 42, 107–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel Baky, T. E., Hagras, A. E., Hassan, S. H., & Zyadah, M. A. (1998). Environmental impact assessment of pollution in Lake Manzala. 1-distribution of some heavy metals in water and sediment. Journal of Egyptian German Society of Zoology, 26(B), 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Gawad ST, El-Sayed A (1998). An approach to identify the pollution field in Lake Manzala. Conference on coping with water scarcity, Hurghada, Egypt, 28 August, 1998. 4.3, pp. 1–10.

  • Abou-Arab, A. A. K., Gomaa, M. N. E., Badawy, A., & Naguib, K. (1995). Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the Egyptian aquatic ecosystem. Food Chemistry, 54(2), 141–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed MH, El-leithy BM, Donia NS, Arafat SM (2006). Monitoring the historical changes of Manzala Lake ecosystems during the last three decades using multidates satellite images. 1 st Internatinal Conference on Environmental Change of Lakes, Lagoons and Wetlands of the Southern Mediterranean Region, 3–7 January, 06, Cairo, Egypt. ECOLLAW, 120–133.

  • Akhtar, M., Iqbal, S., Bhanger, M. I., Zia-Ul-haq, M., & Moazzam, M. (2009). Sorption of organophosphorous pesticides onto Chickpea husk from aqueous solutions. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 69, 63–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • APHA. (1975). Standard method for examination of water and wastewater (14th ed.). Washington: AWWA/WPCE.

    Google Scholar 

  • APHA. (1985). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (10th ed., pp. 391–448). Washington: American Public Health Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian MRL (2009). Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. The Standard Maximum Residue Limits in Food and Animal Feedstuff. Retrieved from: http://www.da.gov.au/agriculture-food. Accessed February 2009.

  • Azab, M. M., Darwish, A. A., Mahmoud, A. H., & Sdeek, A. F. (2012). Study on the pesticides pollution in Manzala Lake, Egypt. Journal of Applied Sciences, 27(8), 105–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barakat, A. O., Kim, M., Qian, Y., & Wade, T. L. (2002). Organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues in sediments of Alexandria Harbour, Egypt. Baseline/Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 1421–1434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barakat, A. O., Mostafa, A., Wade, T. L., Sweet, S. T., & El Sayed, N. B. (2012). Assessment of persistent organochlorine pollutants in sediments from Lake Manzala, Egypt. Mar Pollut Bull, 64(8), 1713–1720.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, N., Cook, V., Disney, T., & Ebel, E. (2010). Risk assessment of the potential human health effect of applying continuous inspection to catfish. Washington: Risk Assessment Division, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglund, B. E., & Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. (1986). Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams. In B. E. Berglund (Ed.), Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology (pp. 455–484). Chichester: Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chikuni, O., Polder, A., Skaare, J. U., & Nhachi, E. F. B. (1997). An evaluation of DDT and DDT residues in human breast milk in the Kariba Valley of Zimbabwe. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58, 776–778.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dogheim, S. M., El-Zarka, M., Gad All, S., El-Said, S., Salama, E., Ayoub, M., & Fahmy, S. (1996). Monitoring of pesticide residues in human milk, soil, water and food samples collected from Kafr El-Zayat Governorate. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Journal (JAOAC), 79(1), 111–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elewa, A. A., Saad, E. A., Shehata, M. B., & Ghallab, M. H. (2007). Studies on the effect of drain effluents on the water quality of Lake Manzala. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 11(2), 65–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Kabbany, S., Rashed, M. M., & Zayed, M. A. (2000). Monitoring of the pesticide levels in some water supplies and agriculture land, in El-Haram, Giza (A.R.E.). J Hazardous Materials, 72(1), 11–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Kady, A. A., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., Henkelmann, B., Belal, M. H., Morsi, M. K. S., Galal, S. M., & Schramm, K. W. (2007). Polychlorinated biphenyl, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran residues in sediments and fish of the River Nile in the Cairo region. Chemosphere, 68, 1660–1668.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (1978). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission Twelfth Session, pp. 1–74.

  • FDA. (1991). Food and Drug Administration Pesticide program—residues in food, 1990. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (JAOAC), 74, 121A–141A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerken, A., Suglo, J. V., & Braun, M. (2001). Crop protection policy in Ghana for Ministry of Food and Agriculture (p. 162). Pokuase/Accra: crop protection project PPRST/GTZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., & Herberger, J. P. (1977). The world’s worst weeds: distribution and biology (p. 609). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) (1993). Chlorinated biphenyls in open ocean waters: sampling, extraction, clean-up and instrumental determination. Manual and guides no. 27. Paris: Intergovernmental oceanographic commission, UNESSCO 36.

  • Jadwiga, P., Sebastian, M., Malgorzata, W., Szczepan, M., & Lukasz, G. (2012). Survey of persistent organochlorine contaminants (PCDD, PCDF, and PCB) in fish collected from the Polish Baltic fishing areas. The Scientific World Journal, 1–7.

  • Karl, H., Bladt, A., Rottler, H., Ludwigs, R., & Mathar, W. (2010). Temporal trends of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB levels in muscle meat of herring from different fishing grounds of the Baltic Sea and actual data of different fish species from the Western Baltic Sea. Chemosphere, 78(2), 106–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelderman, P., Xuedong, Y., & Drossaert, W. M. E. (2005). Sediment pollution with respect to heavy metals and organic micropollutants in the city canals of Delft (The Netherlands)—assessment of a data base of 188 sediment stations. Hennef: European Water Association (EWA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyva-Cardoso, D., Ponce-Velez, G., Botello, A., & Diaz-Gonzalez, D. (2003). Persistent organochlorine pesticides in coastal sediments from Petacalco Bay, Guerrero, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71, 1244–1251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mageed, A. A. A. (2007). Distribution and long-term historical changes of zooplankton assemblages in Manzala Lake (South Mediterranean Sea, Egypt). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 33(1), 183–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhat, F. M. M. (2010). Organochlorines and organophosphours pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and trace metal monitoring of Nile river in Egypt. Ph. D. Thesis, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menofiya University.

  • Mansour, S. A., Mahram, M. R., & Sidky, M. S. (2001). Ecotoxicological studies. 4. Monitoring of pesticide residues in the major components Lake Qarun, Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Academic Society for Environmental Development, 2, 83–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Environmental Health (2005). Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences Atlanta, Georgia

  • Osibanjo, O. (2003). The handbook of environmental chemistry. Persistent Organic Pollutants, Organochlorines in Nigeria and Africa, 30, 495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel, D. (2005). Environmental and economic costs of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7, 229–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Public Health Service, U. S. (1974). Department of Health. Education and Welfare. Written Communication cited from Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 10: 107

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, Y. W., Zhang, G., Guo, L. L., Cheng, H. R., Wang, W. X., Li, X. D., & Wai, O. W. H. (2009). Current status and historical trends of organochlorine pesticides in the ecosystem of Deep Bay, South China. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 85, 265–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D., Dissanayake, W., Sheriff, M. H. R., & Eddleston, M. (2004). Refractory status epilepticus following self-poisoning with the organochlorine pesticide endosulfan. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 760–762.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shakoori, A. R., Mughal, A. L., & Iqbal, M. J. (1996). Effects of sublethal doses of fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroids) administration continuously for four weeks on the blood, liver and muscles of freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 57, 487–498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shokrzadeh, M., Saeedi Saravi, S. S., & Zehtab Yazdi, Y. (2009). Lindane residues in cultivated cucumber and in the most consumed fish in Caspian Sea (Iran). Toxicology and Industrial Health, 25(8), 517–523.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla, M. P., Pal Singh, S., Nigam, R. C., & Tiwari, D. D. (2002). Monitoring of human diet for organochlorine insecticide residues. Pesticide Research Journal, 14(2), 302–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • SPSS 17 (2008). Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS for windows Release 17.0.0, 23 August, 2008. Standard Version, Copyright SPSS Inc., 1989–2008, All Rights Reserved, Copyright ® SPSS Inc.

  • UNEP (1988). Determination of DDTs and PCBs by capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detectors. Reference method for marine pollution studies no.4.

  • UNEP/IOC/IAE (1991). Sampling of selected marine organisms and sample preparation for the analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Reference methods for marine pollution studies no. 12, revision 2. Nairobi: United Nations Environment program, 17.

  • USEPA. (1983). Occurrence of pesticides in drinking water, food and air. Washington DC: USEPA office of drinking water.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westbom, R., Hussen, A., Megersa, N., Retta, N., Mathiasson, L., & Bjِrklund, E. (2008). Assessment of organochlorine pesticide pollution in Upper Awash Ethiopian state farm soils using selective pressurised liquid extraction. Chemosphere, 72, 1181–1187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, F. D. (2005). National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data. Chapter A1. Preparations For Water Sampling, Handbooks for Water-Resources Investigations, U.S. Geological Survey TWRI Book 9, USA.

  • Yamashita, N., Urushigawaa, Y., Masunaga, S., Walash, M. I., & Miyazaki, A. (2000). Organochlorine pesticides in water, sediment and fish from the Nile River and Manzala Lake in Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 77(4), 289–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zygmunt, B., & Namiesnik, J. (2003). Preparation of samples of plant material for chromatographic analysis. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 41, 109–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the staff members at the Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, for their helps and cooperation throughout the period of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. M. Azab.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Azab, M.M., Darwish, A.A., Mahmoud, H.A. et al. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in some ecosystem components of Manzala Lake. Environ Monit Assess 185, 10257–10268 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3330-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3330-0

Keywords

Navigation