Abstract
Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in urban areas. Because of the growing threat of debasing water quality due to urbanization and development, monitoring water quality is a prerequisite to ensure its suitability for use in drinking. But analysis of a large number of properties and parameter to parameter basis evaluation of water quality is not feasible in a regular interval. Multivariate techniques could streamline the data without much loss of information to a reasonably manageable data set. In this study, using principal component analysis, 11 relevant properties of 58 water samples were grouped into three statistical factors. Discriminant analysis identified “pH influence” as the most distinguished factor and pH, Fe, and NO\(_{3}^{-}\) as the most discriminating variables and could be treated as water quality indicators. These were utilized to classify the sampling sites into homogeneous clusters that reflect location-wise importance of specific indicator/s for use to monitor drinking water quality in the whole study area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Public Health Association (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (19th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.
Bartolomeo, A. D., Poletti, L., Sanchini, G., Sebastiani, B., & Morozzi, G. (2004). Relationship among parameters of lake polluted sediments by multivariate statistical analysis. Chemosphere, 55(10), 1323–1329. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.005.
Biswal, S. K., Mayhi, B., & Behera, J. P. (2001). Groundwater quality near ash pond of thermal power plant. Journal of Pollution Research, 20(30), 487–490.
Brejda, J. J., Karlen, D. L., Smith, J. L., & Allan, D. L. (2000a). Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: II. Northern Mississippi loess hills and Palouse prairie. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 2125–2135.
Brejda, J. J., Moorman, T. B., Karlen, D. L., & Deo, T. H. (2000b). Identification of regional soil quality factors and indicators: I. Central and southern high plains. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 2115–2124.
Handa, B. K. (1992). Status report on groundwater pollution in India, In Pollution of groundwater by potassium in India(Vol. 1, pp. 1–301). Government of India: Central Groundwater Board.
Hegde, S. N., & Puranik, S. C. (1990). Groundwater quality studies of Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation Area, Karnataka. In Proceedings of VII convention of I.G.C and national seminar, Bangalore.
Hudak, P. F. (2000). Regional trends in nitrate content of Texas groundwater. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), 228(1/2), 37–47. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00206-1.
Ibe, K. M., & Agbamu, P. U. (1999). Impact of human activities on groundwater quality of an alluvial aquifer, a case study of the Warri River, Delta state, SW, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 9(4), 329–334. doi:10.1080/09603129973128.
ICMR (1975). Manual of standard quality for drinking water supplies. Special report series no. 44, 2nd ed.
ISI (1991). Indian standard specification for drinking water, IS: 10500, New Delhi.
Jammel, A., & Hussain, A. Z. (2003). Impact of sewage on the quality of Uyakandan channel water of River Cauvery at Tiruchirapalli. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 23(6), 660–662.
Lambrakis, N., Antonakos, A., & Panagopoulos, G. (2004). The use of multicomponent statistical analysis in hydrogeological environmental research. Water Research, 38(7), 1862–1872. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.009.
Maruthi, Y. A., Rao, S. R., & Kiran, D. S. S. (2004). Evaluation of groundwater pollution potential in Chandranagar Visakhapatnam: A case study. Journal of Ecobiology, 16(6), 423–430.
McDonald, A. T., & Kay, D. (1988). Water resources: Issues and strategies. Harlow, U.K.: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Norusis, M. J. (2000). SPSS 10.0 guide to data analysis. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice hall.
Pandey, D. S., & Mukherjee, S. (1994). Nitrate contamination in groundwater in Varanasi City and its environs, Uttar Pradesh, India. In Proceedings of the regional workshop on environmental aspects of groundwater development, 17–19 October (pp. 123–129). India, IAH Roorkee: Kurukshetra University.
Reddy, P. M. & Rao, S. (2001). Effect of industrial effluents on the groundwater regime in Visakhapatnam. Journal of Pollution Research, 20(3), 383–386.
Reghunath, R., Murthy, T. R. S., & Raghavan, B. R. (2002). The utility of multivariate statistical techniques in hydrochemical studies: An example from Karnataka, India. Water Research, 36(10), 2437–2442. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00490-0.
Rout, D. K., & Dash, M. C. (1998). Environment status of Bhubaneswar (pp. 10–17). Bhubaneswar: Orissa Pollution Control Board.
Simeonov, V., Stratis, J. A., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., et al. (2003). Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Research, 37(17), 4119–4124. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1.
Srivastava, V. S., & Nemade, P. N. (1997). Groundwater pollution by industrial waste, a statistical approach. Journal of Indian Water Works Association, 29, 247–250.
Su, J. M., Fu, R. H., Zhou, J. B., & Zhang, L. H. (2000). Practical guide of SPSS 10.0 for Windows (pp. 1–287). Beijing, China: Publishing House of Electronics Industry.
Tiwari, T. N., & Mishra, M. (1985). A preliminary assignment of water quality index of major Indian rivers. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 5(4), 276–279.
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., & Deban, L. (1998). Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water Research, 32(12), 3581–3592. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9.
Vidal, M., & Melgar, M. J. (2000). Spatiotemporal characterization of groundwater contamination as a result of urban effects. Journal of Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 121(1/4), 367–377. doi:10.1023/A:1005203015980.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality I. Geneva: WHO.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality (Vol. 1, 3rd ed.). Geneva: WHO.
Wunderlin, D. A., Diaz, M. P., Ame, M. V., Pesce, S. F., Hued, A. C., & Bistoni, M. A. (2001). Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquía river basin (Córdoba–Argentina). Water Research, 35(12), 2881–2894. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00592-3.
Yatas, M. V. (1985). Septic tank density and groundwater contamination. Ground Water, 23, 586–591. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb01506.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Das, M., Kumar, A., Mohapatra, M. et al. Evaluation of drinking quality of groundwater through multivariate techniques in urban area. Environ Monit Assess 166, 149–157 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0991-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0991-9