Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

VCG diversity and virulence of Verticillium dahliae from commercially available cotton seed lots in Turkey

  • Original Research
  • Published:
European Journal of Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Samples of seeds collected from commercially available cotton seed lots in Turkey were assayed for Verticillium dahliae. V. dahliae was successfully isolated from 67 of 104 seed lots tested, a successful isolation rate of nearly 65 %. Vegetative compatibility of the isolates was assessed through complementation tests using nitrate non-utilizing mutants. Of the 188 isolates obtained, 105 were classified as VCG1A, 17 as VCG2A, 64 as VCG2B and two as VCG4B. All 50 of the isolates tested in the greenhouse on cotton cv. DP 15–21 and Acala SJ-1 were pathogenic on both cultivars. As a group, AUDPC values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for VCG1A than for VCG2 and VCG4B isolates. These data suggest that: (1) commercial cotton seed lots are commonly infected with V. dahliae and thus may serve as primary sources of the pathogen; (2) cotton isolates of V. dahliae belong to VCG1A, 2A, 2B and 4B and these strains are widely distributed via seed lots; and (3) VCG1 and VCG2 are distinct pathotypes of V. dahliae that vary in their virulence to cotton.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agarwal, V. K., & Sinclair, J. B. (1997). Principles of seed pathology. Boca Raton: CRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annonymous. (2012). Agricultural structure. State Institute of Statistics, Prime Ministry of Republic of Turkey, Data Dissemination Div. Publ. no. 3942.

  • Ashworth, L. J., Jr. (1983). Aggressiveness of random and selected isolates of Verticillium dahliae from cotton and the quantitative relationship of internal inoculum to defoliation. Phytopathology, 73, 1292–1295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejarano-Alcázar, J., Blanco-López, M. A., Melero-Vara, J. M., & Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (1995). Influence of inoculum density of defoliating and nondefoliating patothypes of Verticillium dahliae in epidemics of Verticillium wilt of cotton in southern Spain. Phytopathology, 85, 1474–1481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejarano-Alcázar, J., Blanco-López, M. A., Melero-Vara, J. M., & Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (1996). Etiology, importance, and distribution of Verticillium wilt of cotton in Southern Spain. Plant Disease, 80, 1233–1238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejarano-Alcázar, J., Blanco-López, M. A., Melero-Vara, J. M., & Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (1997). The influence of Verticillium wilt epidemics on cotton in Southern Spain. Plant Pathology, 46, 168–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. A. (1994). Mechanisms of disease resistance in Gossypium species and variation in Verticillium dahliae. In G. A. Constable & N. W. Forrester (Eds.), Proceedings of the world cotton research conference −1 (pp. 225–235). Melbourne: CSIRO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhat, R. G., & Subbarao, K. V. (1999). Host range specificity in Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology, 89, 1218–1225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bölek, Y., El-Zik, K. M., Pepper, A. E., Bell, A. A., Magill, C. W., Thaxton, P. M., & Reddy, U. K. (2005). Mapping of Verticillium wilt resistance genes in cotton. Plant Science, 168, 1581–1590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosland, P. W., & Williams, P. H. (1987). An evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum from crucifers based on pathogenicity, isozyme polymorphism, vegetative compatibility, and geographic origin. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65, 2067–2073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botseas, D. D., & Rowe, R. C. (1994). Development of potato early dying in response to infection by two pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae and co-infection by Pratylenchus penetrans. Phytopathology, 84, 275–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooker, N. L., Leslie, J. F., & Dickman, M. B. (1991). Nitrate non-utilizing mutants of Colletotrichum and their use in studies of vegetative compatibility and genetic relatedness. Phytopathology, 81, 672–677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, E., Domhof, S., & Langer, F. (2002). Nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. L., & Madden, L. V. (1990). Introduction to plant disease epidemiology (p. 532). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. (1994). Vegetative compatibility groups of Verticillium dahliae from ornamental woody plants. Phytopathology, 84, 214–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Correll, J. C., Klittich, C. J. R., & Leslie, J. F. (1987). Nitrate nonutilizing mutants of Fusarium oxysporum and their use in vegetative compatibility tests. Phytopathology, 77, 1640–1646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daayf, F., Nicole, M., & Geiger, J. (1995). Differentiation of Verticillium dahliae populations on the basis of vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity on cotton. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 101, 69–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derviş, S., & Biçiçi, M. (2005). Vegetative compatibility groups in Verticillium dahliae isolates from cotton in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 33, 157–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derviş, S., Kurt, S., Soylu, S., Erten, L., Soylu, E. M., Yildiz, M., & Tok, F. M. (2008). Vegetative compatibility groups of Verticillium dahliae from cotton in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 36, 74–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derviş, S., Yetisir, H., Yıldırım, H., Tok, F. M., Kurt, S., & Karaca, F. (2009). Genetic and pathogenic characterization of Verticillium dahliae isolates from eggplant in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 37, 467–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derviş, S., Mercado-Blanco, J., Erten, L., Valverde-Corredor, A., & Pérez-Artés, E. (2010). Verticillium wilt of olive in Turkey: a survey on disease importance, pathogen diversity and susceptibility of relevant olive cultivars. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 127, 287–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • du Toit, L. J., Derie, M. L., & Hernandez-Perez, P. (2005). Verticillium wilt in spinach seed production. Plant Disease, 89, 4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elena, K. (1999). Genetic relationships among Verticillium dahliae isolates from cotton in Greece based on vegetative compatibility. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 105, 609–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elmer, W. H., & Stepheus, C. T. (1989). Classification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi into vegetatively compatible groups. Phytopathology, 79, 88–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez, K. A., & Gómez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göre, M. E. (2007). Vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from the Aegean Region of Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 35, 222–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göre, M. E. (2009). Vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from Chrysanthemum in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 37, 87–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göre, M. E., Esen, H., Orak, A., Gözcü, D., Altın, N., & Erdoğan, O. (2007). Pathotype groups within Verticillium dahliae isolates from cotton in Turkey. Anadolu, 17, 16–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göre, M. E., Caner, Ö. K., Altın, N., Aydın, M. H., Erdoğan, O., Filizer, F., & Büyükdöğerlioğlu, A. (2009). Evaluation of cotton cultivars for resistance to pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae. Crop Protection, 28, 215–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göre, M. E., Erdoğan, O., Altın, N., Aydın, M. H., Caner, Ö. K., Filizer, F., & Büyükdöğerlioğlu, A. (2011). Seed transmission of Verticillium wilt of cotton. Phytoparasitica, 39, 285–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grogan, R. G., Ioannouu, D., Schneider, R. W., Sall, M. A., & Kimble, K. A. (1979). Verticillium wilt on resistant tomato cultivars in California: virulence of isolates from plants and soil and relationship of inoculum density to disease incidence. Phytopathology, 69, 1176–1180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heale, J. B. (1988). Verticillium spp., the cause of vascular wilts in many species. Advances in Plant Pathology, 6, 291–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iyriboz, N. (1941). Cotton diseases. Turkish ministry of agriculture and rural affairs (Vol. 237). Izmir: Marifet Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., Olivares-García, C., Landa, B. B., Jiménez-Gasco, M. M., & Navas-Cortés, J. A. (2011). Region-wide analysis of genetic diversity in Verticillium dahliae populations infecting olive in southern Spain and agricultural factors influencing the distribution and prevalence of vegetative compatibility groups and pathotypes. Phytopathology, 101, 304–315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joaquim, T. R., & Rowe, R. C. (1990). Reassessment of vegetative compatibility relationships among strains of Verticillium dahliae using nitrate-nonutilizing mutants. Phytopathology, 80, 1160–1166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joaquim, T. R., & Rowe, R. C. (1991). Vegetative compatibility and virulence of strains of Verticillium dahliae from soil and potato plants. Phytopathology, 81, 552–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir, Z., Bhat, R. G., & Subbarao, K. V. (2004). Comparison of media for recovery of Verticillium dahliae from soil. Plant Disease, 88, 49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karaca, İ., Karcilioğlu, A., & Ceylan, S. (1971). Wilt disease of cotton in the Ege region of Turkey. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 1, 4–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katan, T. (2000). Vegetative compatibility in populations of Verticillium—an overview. In E. C. Tjamos, R. C. Rowe, J. B. Heale, & D. R. Fravel (Eds.), Advances in Verticillium research and disease management (pp. 69–86). St. Paul: APS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korolev, N. (1998). Virulence and VCG diversity in Verticillium spp. from plant tissue and soil. Phytoparasitica, 26, 266–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korolev, N., & Katan, T. (1997). Improved medium for selecting nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology, 87, 1067–1070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korolev, N., Katan, J., & Katan, T. (2000). Vegetative compatibility groups of Verticillium dahliae in Israel: their distribution and association with pathogenicity. Phytopathology, 90, 529–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korolev, N., Pérez-Artés, E., Mercado-Blanco, J., Bejarano-Alcázar, J., Rodríguez-Jurado, D., Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., et al. (2008). Vegetative compatibility of cotton defoliating Verticillium dahliae in Israel and its pathogenicity to various hosts. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 603–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercado-Blanco, J., Rodríguez-Jurado, D., Parrilla-Araujo, S., & Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (2003). Simultaneous detection of the defoliating and nondefoliating Verticillium dahliae pathotypes in infected olive plants by duplex, nested polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 87, 1487–1494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mert, M., Kurt, S., Gencer, O., Akiscan, Y., Boyaci, K., & Tok, F. M. (2005). Inheritance of resistance to Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Breeding, 124, 102–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitzan, N., Hazanovsky, M., Tal, M., & Tsror (Lakhim), L. (2002). Vegetative compatibility groups in Colletotrichum coccodes, the causal agent of black dot on potato. Phytopathology, 92, 827–832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nitzan, N., Tsror (Lahkim), L., & Johnson, D. A. (2006). Vegetative compatibility groups and aggressiveness of North American isolates of Colletotrichum coccodes, the causal agent of potato black dot. Plant Disease, 90, 1287–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Artés, E., García-Pedrajas, M. D., Bejarano-Alcázar, J., & Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (2000). Differentiation of cottondefoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae by RAPD and specific PCR analyses. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 106, 507–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puhalla, J. R., & Hummel, M. (1983). Vegetative compatibility groups within Verticillium dahliae. Phytopathology, 73, 1305–1308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, R. C. (1995). Recent progress in understanding relationships between Verticillium species and subspecific groups. Phytoparasitica, 23, 31–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnathorst, W. C., & Mathre, D. E. (1966). Host range and differentiation of a severe form of Verticillium albo-atrum in cotton. Phytopathology, 56, 1155–1161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. A., & Madden, L. V. (2004). Nonparametric analysis of ordinal data in designed factorial experiments. Phytopathology, 94, 33–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, L.H., Schneider, A.T., & Davis, J.R. (1991). Influence of sodium polygalacturonate sources and improved recovery of Verticillium spp. from soil (Abstr.). Phytopathology, 81, 1347.

  • Strausbaugh, C. A. (1993). Assessment of vegetative compatibility and virulence of Verticillium dahliae isolates from Idaho potatoes and tester strains. Phytopathology, 83, 1253–1258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomsett, A., & Garret, R. H. (1980). The isolation and characterization of mutants defective in nitrate assimilation in Neurospora crassa. Genetics, 95, 649–660.

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsror (Lahkim), L., Hazanovsky, M., Mordechi-Lebiush, S., & Sivan, S. (2001). Aggressiveness of Verticillium dahliae isolates from different vegetative compatibility groups to potato and tomato. Plant Pathology, 50, 477–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wicklow, D. T., & Horn, B. W. (2007). Association between vegetative compatibility and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus species during intraspecific competition. Mycoscience, 48, 267–273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhengjun, P. N., Achar, P. N., & Benkang, G. (1998). Vegetative compatibility groupings of Verticillium dahliae from cotton in mainland China. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104, 871–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Our thanks are expressed to Mr. Ercan Gül for technical assistance. We thank William E. Fry for helpful comments on the manuscript prior to submission.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey

    M. E. Göre

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey

    O. Erdoğan

  3. Plant Protection Research Institute, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Ö. K. Caner

  4. Agricultural Quarantine Directorate, Alsancak, Izmir, Turkey

    M. H. Aydın

  5. Vocational Higher School, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Mudurnu, Bolu, Turkey

    S. Berk

Authors
  1. M. E. Göre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O. Erdoğan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ö. K. Caner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. H. Aydın
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. Berk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. E. Göre.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Göre, M.E., Erdoğan, O., Caner, Ö.K. et al. VCG diversity and virulence of Verticillium dahliae from commercially available cotton seed lots in Turkey. Eur J Plant Pathol 140, 689–699 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0500-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0500-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation