Table 1 Characteristics of the UK Biobank study population: participants who were, alive, dead from COVID-19 or dead from another cause than COVID-19 as of 21 September, 2020 in the full UK Biobank sample
From: COVID-19 mortality in the UK Biobank cohort: revisiting and evaluating risk factors
| Alive (N = 470,465) | COVID-19 deaths (N = 459) | Non-COVID-19 deaths (N = 2626) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD)/Proportion | N | Mean (SD)/Proportion | N | Mean (SD)/Proportion | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 470,465 | 67.86 (8.09) | 459 | 74.50 (5.96) | 2626 | 73.82 (6.26) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Women | 260,378 | 55.34% | 168 | 36.60% | 1158 | 44.10% |
| Men | 210,087 | 44.66% | 291 | 63.40% | 1468 | 55.90% |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 442,001 | 94.46% | 415 | 91.41% | 2529 | 96.75% |
| Black | 7734 | 1.65% | 23 | 5.07% | 27 | 1.03% |
| Other | 18,175 | 3.88% | 16 | 3.52% | 58 | 2.22% |
| Social | ||||||
| Education | ||||||
| High | 153,845 | 33.35% | 87 | 19.91% | 634 | 24.67% |
| Intermediate | 231,765 | 50.24% | 188 | 43.02% | 1162 | 45.21% |
| Low | 75,665 | 16.40% | 162 | 37.07% | 774 | 30.12% |
| Type of accommodation | ||||||
| House | 420,969 | 90.26% | 369 | 82.92% | 2246 | 86.89% |
| Flat | 45,426 | 9.74% | 76 | 17.08% | 339 | 13.11% |
| Own or rent accommodation | ||||||
| Own outright | 239,996 | 52.24% | 258 | 58.64% | 1655 | 65.21% |
| Own with a mortgage | 176,654 | 38.45% | 91 | 20.68% | 503 | 19.82% |
| Rent | 42,734 | 9.30% | 91 | 20.68% | 380 | 14.97% |
| Number in household | 466,469 | 2.46 (1.32) | 443 | 2.06 (1.03) | 2589 | 2.06 (1.16) |
| Average household income (GBP) | ||||||
| Less than 18,000 | 86,640 | 21.69% | 171 | 46.85% | 839 | 39.33% |
| 18,000 to 30,999 | 100,837 | 25.24% | 93 | 25.48% | 633 | 29.68% |
| 31,000 to 51,999 | 106,021 | 26.54% | 62 | 16.99% | 378 | 17.72% |
| Greater than 52,000 | 106,008 | 26.53% | 39 | 10.68% | 283 | 13.27% |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Unemployed | 64,136 | 13.79% | 78 | 17.18% | 423 | 16.25% |
| Employed (Healthcare worker) | 27,925 | 6.00% | 20 | 4.41% | 84 | 3.23% |
| Employed (Other) | 236,502 | 50.85% | 102 | 22.47% | 697 | 26.78% |
| Retired | 136,489 | 29.35% | 254 | 55.95% | 1399 | 53.75% |
| Health risk factors | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 261,361 | 55.87% | 171 | 37.75% | 1111 | 42.68% |
| Former | 159,706 | 34.14% | 211 | 46.58% | 1052 | 40.41% |
| Current | 46,745 | 9.99% | 71 | 15.67% | 440 | 16.90% |
| Alcohol drinker status | ||||||
| Never | 20,762 | 4.43% | 35 | 7.69% | 168 | 6.42% |
| Former | 15,938 | 3.40% | 34 | 7.47% | 138 | 5.28% |
| Current | 432,254 | 92.17% | 386 | 84.84% | 2309 | 88.30% |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m)2 | ||||||
| < 25 | 156,241 | 33.40% | 88 | 19.69% | 724 | 27.88% |
| [25,30[ | 199,134 | 42.57% | 186 | 41.61% | 1058 | 40.74% |
| [30,40[ | 103,803 | 22.19% | 149 | 33.33% | 734 | 28.26% |
| > = 40 | 8,656 | 1.85% | 24 | 5.37% | 81 | 3.12% |
| Biological | ||||||
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 439,979 | 5.71 (1.13) | 421 | 5.45 (1.26) | 2446 | 5.48 (1.24) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 402,733 | 1.45 (0.38) | 392 | 1.34 (0.37) | 2237 | 1.39 (0.40) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 439,634 | 1.74 (1.02) | 421 | 1.92 (1.08) | 2445 | 1.84 (1.01) |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 420,153 | 48.78 (21.07) | 398 | 46.03 (21.44) | 2343 | 47.51 (21.91) |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 439,942 | 0.90 (0.16) | 421 | 1.01 (0.22) | 2442 | 1.01 (0.27) |
| Medical | ||||||
| Cancer | ||||||
| No | 399,570 | 84.93% | 351 | 76.47% | 1806 | 68.77% |
| Yes | 70,895 | 15.07% | 108 | 23.53% | 820 | 31.23% |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| No | 381,505 | 81.09% | 243 | 52.94% | 1499 | 57.08% |
| Yes | 88,960 | 18.91% | 216 | 47.06% | 1127 | 42.92% |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | 320,865 | 68.20% | 176 | 38.34% | 1223 | 46.57% |
| Yes | 149,600 | 31.80% | 283 | 61.66% | 1403 | 53.43% |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 437,687 | 93.03% | 345 | 75.16% | 2156 | 82.10% |
| Yes | 32,778 | 6.97% | 114 | 24.84% | 470 | 17.90% |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| No | 374,220 | 79.54% | 309 | 67.32% | 1762 | 67.10% |
| Yes | 96,245 | 20.46% | 150 | 32.68% | 864 | 32.90% |
| Autoimmune | ||||||
| No | 407,506 | 86.62% | 357 | 77.78% | 2092 | 79.66% |
| Yes | 62,959 | 13.38% | 102 | 22.22% | 534 | 20.34% |
| ACE inhibitors | ||||||
| No | 427,168 | 90.80% | 353 | 76.91% | 2115 | 80.54% |
| Yes | 43,297 | 9.20% | 106 | 23.09% | 511 | 19.46% |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||||||
| No | 453,016 | 96.29% | 420 | 91.50% | 2407 | 91.66% |
| Yes | 17,449 | 3.71% | 39 | 8.50% | 219 | 8.34% |
| Oral steroid | ||||||
| No | 466,236 | 99.10% | 442 | 96.30% | 2571 | 97.91% |
| Yes | 4229 | 0.90% | 17 | 3.70% | 55 | 2.09% |
| Statin | ||||||
| No | 398,609 | 84.73% | 302 | 65.80% | 1818 | 69.23% |
| Yes | 71,856 | 15.27% | 157 | 34.20% | 808 | 30.77% |
| Environmental | ||||||
| NOX (ug/m3) | 463,650 | 44.03 (15.50) | 446 | 46.65 (15.38) | 2590 | 45.10 (15.28) |
| PM10 (ug/m3) | 432,557 | 16.23 (1.90) | 403 | 16.50 (1.77) | 2341 | 16.30 (1.87) |
| PM2.5 (absorbance/m) | 432,557 | 1.19 (0.27) | 403 | 1.22 (0.26) | 2341 | 1.18 (0.26) |
| PM2.5 (ug/m3) | 432,557 | 9.99 (1.06) | 403 | 10.21 (1.02) | 2341 | 10.06 (1.06) |