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Source characterization and health risks of BTEX in indoor/outdoor air during winters at a terai precinct of North India

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Abstract

BTEX are the consistently found air contaminants in indoor and outdoor environments. In order to investigate the exposure levels of BTEX, the indoor and outdoor air was analyzed during winter season at homes located at four selected sites of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, which comprised residential, roadside, industrial and agricultural areas. BTEX were sampled with a low-flow pump (SKC model 220). Samples were extracted with CS2 and the aromatic fraction was subjected to GC-FID. Mean indoor concentration of BTEX was highest at the agricultural (70.9 µg m−3) followed by industrial (30.0 µg m−3), roadside (17.5 µg m−3) and residential site (11.8 µg m−3). At outdoor locations, the mean BTEX levels were highest at the roadside (22.0 µg m−3) followed by industrial (18.7 µg m−3), agricultural (11.0 µg m−3) and residential site (9.1 µg m−3). The I/O ratios were greater than 1 at all the sites except roadside site, where I/O ratios for toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were less than unity. Poor correlation between indoor and outdoor levels at each site further indicated the dominance of indoor sources. Factor analysis followed by one-way analysis of variance depicts that the presence of BTEX compounds at all the sites indicate a mixture of vehicular and combustion activities. For benzene, the ILTCR values exceeded the safe levels, whereas ethylbenzene was nearby to the recommended level 1 × 10–6. The HQ values were above unity for agricultural (indoors) and industrial (outdoors) as an exception to all the other sites which indicted the value below unity.

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Acknowledgements

The financial support from Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India, in Project No. SR/FTP/ES-77/2013 is duly acknowledged. The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Silas Dayal Sharma, Vice-Principal and Head, Department of Chemistry, St Andrew’s College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, for providing necessary facilities. The authors are also thankful to Dr. Raj Singhvi (Retired) and Mr. Jay Patel, Environment Response Team (ERT), USEPA, for providing technical support during the analysis of samples.

Funding

The study was funded by the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India, under Grant of Project No. SR/FTP/ES-77/2013.

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  1. Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew’s College, Gorakhpur, India

    Amit Masih, Samriddhi Dviwedi & J. K. Lal

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Masih, A., Dviwedi, S. & Lal, J.K. Source characterization and health risks of BTEX in indoor/outdoor air during winters at a terai precinct of North India. Environ Geochem Health 43, 2985–3003 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00822-4

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