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Indoor/outdoor relationships, signatures, sources, and carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-enriched PM2.5 in an emerging port of northern China

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Abstract

Humans spend most of their time in indoor environments, thus a thorough understanding of indoor and outdoor PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) origins for accurate assessment of health risks is required. In the present study, 84 pairs of PM2.5 samples from indoor (laboratory) and outdoor (campus) locations were collected from April to December 2018 in Caofeidian, China. The annual median concentration of PM2.5 outdoors was 90.80 µg/m3, 9.08 times higher than the annual standard of WHO guideline (10 µg/m3). Indoor PM2.5 annual median concentration (41.80 µg/m3) was also higher than the annual standard of ASHRAE guideline (15 µg/m3). The annual median concentrations of ∑18PAHs indoors (44.23 ng/m3) and outdoors (189.6 ng/m3) were highest in winter and descended in the order of autumn > spring > summer. Contrary to summer and autumn, indoor/outdoor concentration ratios were less than 1 in spring and winter, indicating that the contribution of outdoor particle infiltration was more significant than that of indoor sources. The positive matrix factorization model suggested that indoor PAHs came from three sources: vehicle emissions (43%), biomass burning (37%), industry emissions, and coal combustion (20%). Outdoor PAHs came from four sources: petroleum volatilization (39%), vehicle emissions (30%), coal combustion (18%), and biomass burning (13%). The incremental lifetime cancer risk values of indoor and outdoor PAHs in winter exceeded the acceptable level (10−6), and the carcinogenic risk of adults was higher than that of children and teenagers. These results indicated that simultaneous monitoring of indoor and outdoor PAHs is recommended for accurate assessment of health risk, and the analysis in the current work should be helpful to formulate policies to reduce PAHs emissions.

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source profiles in Caofeidian

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source profiles in Caofeidian

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21305028), the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hebei Province, China (ZD2018014), the Research Foundation of Health and Family Planning Commission of Hebei (20170893), the Training Foundation of North China University of Science and Technology (201415080311 and JQ201717), and Tangshan Science and Technology Bureau Project (19130209g).

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  1. Lei Zhang, Ze Yang contributed equally to this article.

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  1. School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People’s Republic of China

    Lei Zhang, Jiajia Liu, Hao Zeng, Bo Fang, Houjun Xu & Qian Wang

  2. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300041, People’s Republic of China

    Ze Yang

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Zhang, L., Yang, Z., Liu, J. et al. Indoor/outdoor relationships, signatures, sources, and carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-enriched PM2.5 in an emerging port of northern China. Environ Geochem Health 43, 3067–3081 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00819-z

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