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Indoor air quality in elementary schools of Lisbon in spring

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Abstract

Analysis of indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools usually reveals higher levels of pollutants than in outdoor environments. The aims of this study are to measure indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2, speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls at 14 elementary schools in Lisbon, Portugal. The investigation was carried out in May–June 2009. Three of the schools were selected to also measure comfort parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), total VOCs, and bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre. Indoor concentrations of CO2 in the three main schools indicated inadequate classroom air exchange rates. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) NO2 ratio ranged between 0.36 and 0.95. At the three main schools, the total bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFU) in both indoor and outdoor air were above the advised maximum value of 500 CFU/m3 defined by Portuguese legislation. The aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, followed by ethers, alcohols and terpenes, were usually the most abundant classes of VOCs. In general, the indoor total VOC concentrations were markedly higher than those observed outdoors. At all locations, indoor aldehyde levels were higher than those observed outdoors, particularly for formaldehyde. The inadequate ventilation observed likely favours accumulation of pollutants with additional indoor sources.

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Acknowledgments

This project was financially supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the PTDC/SAU-ESA/65597/2006 project. Priscilla N. Pegas thanks FCT for the Ph.D. scholarship (SFRH/BD/45233/2008). The authors would also like to thank principals, staff and students for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    P. N. Pegas, C. A. Alves, M. G. Evtyugina, T. Nunes, M. Cerqueira, M. Franchi & C. A. Pio

  2. Nuclear and Technological Institute, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953, Sacavém, Portugal

    S. M. Almeida & M. C. Freitas

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  1. P. N. Pegas
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  2. C. A. Alves
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  3. M. G. Evtyugina
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Pegas, P.N., Alves, C.A., Evtyugina, M.G. et al. Indoor air quality in elementary schools of Lisbon in spring. Environ Geochem Health 33, 455–468 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9345-3

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