Abstract
A significant portion of the threatened ichthyofauna is composed by annual fish, whose gene flow is commonly affected by large water bodies. Austrolebias minuano is an endangered species that lives in temporary wetlands of the Patos-Mirim Lagoon System, in Brazil, inhabiting both margins of the Patos Lagoon. This species has previously been target of taxonomic split, leading to the description of A. pongondo, and there are doubts about its distinction in relation to A. charrua. The objective of this study is to understand the evolutionary patterns and processes associated with the geographic distribution of A. minuano, A. charrua and A. pongondo, while assessing their taxonomic status. For this, specimens were collected along the distribution range of the three species, and sequences of the mitochondrial cyt b and CO1 and of the nuclear ENC1 gene were characterized. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic approaches showed subdivision of the dataset in four lineages: one clustering the type population of A. minuano with A. charrua, two presenting populations previously assigned to A. minuano that inhabit the Eastern margin of the Patos Lagoon and one corresponding to A. pongondo. Patterns of migration and genetic divergences support the assignment of each of these lineages as independent evolutionary units. In the chronophylogenetic reconstructions, the two lineages inhabiting the Western margin of the Patos Lagoon constituted the first to branch out whereas the eastern lineages diverged more recently. These divergences seem to have occurred before the Pleistocene Lagoon-Barrier Depositional System related to the paleogeographic evolution of the South American Coastal Plain.
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Acknowledgements
This study was funded by Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza as part of the project “Padrões micro e macroevolutivos em peixes anuais de Cynopoecilus e Austrolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) ao longo do Sistema de Drenagens Patos-Mirim: um enfoque comparativo com aplicações para a conservação – 1090_20171”. LJR and ASVJ are research fellows of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (#308371/2018-6 and 310327/2018-0, respectively). We also thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001 for providing fellowships to MOF, DKG and CB. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Use of Federal University of Rio Grande (CEUA-FURG, permission number: 23116.008163/2015-23).
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Fig. 1S
Majority-rule consensus tree recovered by MrBayes 3.2.6 for sequences of cyt b (A), CO1 (B), the concatenated mitochondrial dataset (C) and ENC1 (D). Values above the branches represent support values, as measured by the posterior probabilities of each clade. Lineages were collapsed and represented by their respective names and colors, as given in Fig. 1. Numbers within parenthesis to the right of the image represent sample sizes. The phylogenies were rooted with sequences of A. wolterstorffi, which were later omitted from the topology (PNG 389 kb)
Fig. 2S
Structure of population subdivision recovered by BAPS 6 for cyt b (A), the concatenated mitochondrial dataset (B) and ENC1 (C) as a function of the geographic coordinates of each population. Each color represents a different cluster, to the exception of yellow and green, which represent the populations of A. minuano and A. charrua, respectively, which together encompass the lineage named A. minuano / A. charrua. Red, blue and purple refer to the clusters of A. minuano affinis 1, A. minuano affinis 2 and A. pongondo, respectively, and brown depict populations groups that join two or more of the four lineages recovered in this study (PNG 452 kb)
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de Oliveira Fernandes, M., Barbosa, C., Garcez, D.K. et al. Phylogeographic analyses and taxonomic inconsistencies of the Neotropical annual fish Austrolebias minuano, Austrolebias charrua and Austrolebias pongondo (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Environ Biol Fish 104, 1–14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-020-01045-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-020-01045-9