References
Baxter JS, Taylor EB, Devlin RH, Hagen J, McPhail JD (1997) Evidence for natural hybridization between Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in a northcentral British Columbia watershed. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:421–429
Cavender TM (1978) Taxonomy and distribution of the bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley), from the American Northwest. Calif Fish Game 64:139–174
Dunham JB, Rieman BE (1999) Metapopulation structure of bull trout: influences of physical, biotic, and geometrical landscape characteristics. Ecol Appl 9:642–655
Dunham JB, Rieman B, Chandler G (2003) Influences of temperature and environmental variables on the distribution of bull trout within streams at the southern margin of its range. N Am J Fish Manage 23:894–904
Dunham JB, Baxter CV, Fausch KD, Fredenberg W, Kitano S, Koizumi I, Morita K, Nakamura T, Rieman BE, Savvaitova K, Stanford J, Taylor E, Yamamoto S (2008) Evolution, ecology, and conservation of Dolly Varden, white-spotted char, and bull trout. Fisheries 33:537–550
Fraley JJ, Shepard BB (1989) Life history, ecology and population status of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Flathead Lake and river system, Montana. Northwest Sci 63(4):133–143
Haas GR, McPhail JD (1991) Systematics and distribution of Dolly Varden and bull trout in North America. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:2191–2211
Markle DF (1992) Evidence of bull trout X brook trout hybrids in Oregon. In: Howell PJ, Buchanan DV (eds) Proceedings of the gearhart moutain bull trout workshop. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Corvallis, pp 58–67
McPhail JD, Baxter JS (1996) A review of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) life-history and habitat use in relation to compensation and improvement opportunities
Post JR, Mushens CJ, Paul AJ, Sullivan M (2003) Assessment of alternative management strategies for sustaining recreational fisheries: model development and application to bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus. N Am J Fish Manage 23:22–34
Pratt KL (1992) A review of bull trout life history. In: Howell PJ, Buchanan DV (eds) Proceedings of the Gearhart Mountain Bull Trout Workshop. Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, Corvallis, pp 5–9
Reist JD, Low G, Johnson JD, McDowell D (2002) Range extension of bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, to the Central Northwest Territories, with notes on identification and distribution of dolly varden, Salvelinus malma, in the Western Canadian Arctic. Arctic 55:70–76
Rieman BE, McIntyre JD (1993) Demographic and habitat requirements for the conservation of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-302, Ogden, UT
Rieman BE, coauthors (2007) Anticipated climate warming effects on bull trout habitats and populations across the Interior Columbia River Basin. Trans Am Fish Soc 136:1552–1565
Schmetterling DA, Long MH (1999) Montana anglers’ inability to identify bull trout and other salmonids. Fisheries 24:24–27
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1999) Determination of threatened status for bull trout in the coterminous United States. Fed Regist 64:58910–58933
Zymonas ND 2006. Age structure, growth, and factors affecting relative abundance of life history forms of bull trout in the Clark Fork River drainage, Montana and Idaho. Master’s Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schemmel, E., Dunham, J. Threatened fishes of the world: Salvelinus confluentus (Salmoninae). Environ Biol Fish 89, 161–162 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-010-9708-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-010-9708-8