Summary
Background Cabozantinib and gemcitabine improve tumor control in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in preclinical models through c-Met inhibition. We sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of this combination in patients with advanced PDAC. Methods Patients with ≤1 prior treatment and adequate performance status were eligible. Cabozantinib was given orally once daily, beginning day (−)7 and continued with gemcitabine given intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days. Dose level was assigned using Time to Event Continual Reassessment Method (TITE-CRM). Primary endpoint was MTD, defined as the highest dose level at which ≤25 % of patients incurred a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Secondary endpoints included response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and urinary biomarker assessment. Results Twelve patients were enrolled and treated with 10 patients evaluable for DLT. The probability of DLT was >25 % for all dose levels tested, and thus an MTD was not determined. DLTs included grade 3 ALT/AST elevations and thrombocytopenia. Three patients had partial responses, but each discontinued therapy due to toxicity. Median PFS and OS were 4.7 (95 % CI: 1.4–9.7) and 10.1 months (95 % CI: 3.6–20.6). Exploratory biomarker analysis showed correlation of c-Met and VEGF levels with response. Conclusions An MTD for the combination was not established. Cabozantinib and gemcitabine appear impractical for further development due to DLT at low doses and continuing toxicities with ongoing therapy. Acknowledging the small sample size, responses were seen suggesting further investigation of c-Met inhibition in PDAC may be warranted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Howlader N, Noone, AM, Krapcho, M, Miller, D, Bishop, K, Altekruse, SF, Kosary, CL, Yu, M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). (2015) SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2013, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD http://seercancergov/csr/1975_2013/,based on November 2015 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website, April 2016
Rahib L, Smith BD, Aizenberg R, Rosenzweig AB, Fleshman JM, Matrisian LM (2014) Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: the unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States. Cancer Res 74 (11):2913–2921. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0155
Burris HA, Moore MJ, Andersen J, Green MR, Rothenberg ML, Modiano MR, Cripps MC, Portenoy RK, Storniolo AM, Tarassoff P, Nelson R, Dorr FA, Stephens CD, Von Hoff DD (1997) Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 15(6):2403–2413
Conroy T, Desseigne F, Ychou M, Bouche O, Guimbaud R, Becouarn Y, Adenis A, Raoul JL, Gourgou-Bourgade S, de la Fouchardiere C, Bennouna J, Bachet JB, Khemissa-Akouz F, Pere-Verge D, Delbaldo C, Assenat E, Chauffert B, Michel P, Montoto-Grillot C, Ducreux M, Groupe Tumeurs Digestives of U, Intergroup P (2011) FOLFIRINOX versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 364(19):1817–1825. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1011923
Von Hoff DD, Ervin T, Arena FP, Chiorean EG, Infante J, Moore M, Seay T, Tjulandin SA, Ma WW, Saleh MN, Harris M, Reni M, Dowden S, Laheru D, Bahary N, Ramanathan RK, Tabernero J, Hidalgo M, Goldstein D, Van Cutsem E, Wei X, Iglesias J, Renschler MF (2013) Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine. N Engl J Med 369(18):1691–1703. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304369
Bussolino F, Di Renzo MF, Ziche M, Bocchietto E, Olivero M, Naldini L, Gaudino G, Tamagnone L, Coffer A, Comoglio PM (1992) Hepatocyte growth factor is a potent angiogenic factor which stimulates endothelial cell motility and growth. J Cell Biol 119(3):629–641
Takayama H, La Rochelle WJ, Anver M, Bockman DE, Merlino G (1996) Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor as a regulator of skeletal muscle and neural crest development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93(12):5866–5871
Trusolino L, Bertotti A, Comoglio PM (2010) MET signalling: principles and functions in development, organ regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11(12):834–848. doi:10.1038/nrm3012
Comoglio PM (1993) Structure, Biosynthesis and biochemical properties of the HGF receptor in normal and malignant cells. EXS 65:131–165
Di Renzo MF, Narsimhan RP, Olivero M, Bretti S, Giordano S, Medico E, Gaglia P, Zara P, Comoglio PM (1991) Expression of the Met/HGF receptor in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Oncogene 6(11):1997–2003
Birchmeier C, Birchmeier W, Gherardi E, Vande Woude GF (2003) Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4(12):915–925. doi:10.1038/nrm1261
Benvenuti S, Comoglio PM (2007) The MET receptor tyrosine kinase in invasion and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 213(2):316–325. doi:10.1002/jcp.21183
Graveel CR, DeGroot JD, Su Y, Koeman J, Dykema K, Leung S, Snider J, Davies SR, Swiatek PJ, Cottingham S, Watson MA, Ellis MJ, Sigler RE, Furge KA, Vande Woude GF (2009) Met induces diverse mammary carcinomas in mice and is associated with human basal breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(31):12909–12914. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810403106
Zhu GH, Huang C, Qiu ZJ, Liu J, Zhang ZH, Zhao N, Feng ZZ, Lv XH (2011) Expression and prognostic significance of CD151, c-Met, and integrin alpha3/alpha6 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 56 (4):1090–1098. doi:10.1007/s10620-010-1416-x
Shah AN, Summy JM, Zhang J, Park SI, Parikh NU, Gallick GE (2007) Development and characterization of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic tumor cells. Ann Surg Oncol 14(12):3629–3637. doi:10.1245/s10434-007-9583-5
Li C, JJ W, Hynes M, Dosch J, Sarkar B, Welling TH, Pasca di Magliano M, Simeone DM (2011) C-met is a marker of pancreatic cancer stem cells and therapeutic target. Gastroenterology 141(6):2218–2227 . doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.08.009e2215
Hage C, Rausch V, Giese N, Giese T, Schonsiegel F, Labsch S, Nwaeburu C, Mattern J, Gladkich J, Herr I (2013) The novel c-Met inhibitor cabozantinib overcomes gemcitabine resistance and stem cell signaling in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 4:e627. doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.158
Suzuki A, Nakauchi H, Taniguchi H (2004) Prospective isolation of multipotent pancreatic progenitors using flow-cytometric cell sorting. Diabetes 53(8):2143–2152
Oshima Y, Suzuki A, Kawashimo K, Ishikawa M, Ohkohchi N, Taniguchi H (2007) Isolation of mouse pancreatic ductal progenitor cells expressing CD133 and c-Met by flow cytometric cell sorting. Gastroenterology 132(2):720–732. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.027
You WK, Sennino B, Williamson CW, Falcon B, Hashizume H, Yao LC, Aftab DT, McDonald DM (2011) VEGF and c-Met blockade amplify angiogenesis inhibition in pancreatic islet cancer. Cancer Res 71(14):4758–4768. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2527
O'Quigley J, Pepe M, Fisher L (1990) Continual reassessment method: a practical design for phase 1 clinical trials in cancer. Biometrics 46(1):33–48
Cheung YK, Chappell R (2000) Sequential designs for phase I clinical trials with late-onset toxicities. Biometrics 56(4):1177–1182
Athauda G, Giubellino A, Coleman JA, Horak C, Steeg PS, Lee MJ, Trepel J, Wimberly J, Sun J, Coxon A, Burgess TL, Bottaro DP (2006) c-Met ectodomain shedding rate correlates with malignant potential. Clin Cancer Res 12 (14 Pt 1):4154–4162. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0250
Smith MR, Sweeney CJ, Corn PG, Rathkopf DE, Smith DC, Hussain M, George DJ, Higano CS, Harzstark AL, Sartor AO, Vogelzang NJ, Gordon MS, de Bono JS, Haas NB, Logothetis CJ, Elfiky A, Scheffold C, Laird AD, Schimmoller F, Basch EM, Scher HI (2014) Cabozantinib in chemotherapy-pretreated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results of a phase II nonrandomized expansion study. J Clin Oncol 32(30):3391–3399. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.54.5954
Smith MRDBJ, Sternberg CN, Le Moulec S, Oudard S, De Giorgi U, Krainer M, Bergman AM, Hoelzer W, De Wit R, Boegemann M, Saad F, Cruciani G, Thiery-Vuillemin A, Feyerabend S, Miller K, Ramies DA, Hessel C, Weitzman A, Fizazi K (2015) Final analysis of COMET-1: Cabozantinib (Cabo) versus prednisone (Pred) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients (pts) previously treated with docetaxel (D) and abireterone (A) and or enzalutamide (E). J Clin Oncol 33 (suppl 7; abstr 139)
Basch EMSM, De Bono JS, Vogelzang NJ, De Souza PL, Marx GM, Vaishampayan UN, George S, Schwarz JK, Antonarakis ES, O'Sullivan JM, Kalebasty AR, Chi KN, Dreicer R, Hutson TE, Mangeshkar M, Holland JS, Weitzman A, Scher HI (2015) Final analysis of COMET-2: Cabozantinib (Cabo) versus mitoxantrone/prednisone (MP) in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients (pts) with moderate to severe pain who were previously treated with docetaxel (D) and abireterone (A) and/or enzalutamide. J Clin Oncol (suppl 7; abstr 141)
Elisei R, Schlumberger MJ, Muller SP, Schoffski P, Brose MS, Shah MH, Licitra L, Jarzab B, Medvedev V, Kreissl MC, Niederle B, Cohen EE, Wirth LJ, Ali H, Hessel C, Yaron Y, Ball D, Nelkin B, Sherman SI (2013) Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol 31(29):3639–3646. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.48.4659
Choueiri TK, Escudier B, Powles T, Mainwaring PN, Rini BI, Donskov F, Hammers H, Hutson TE, Lee JL, Peltola K, Roth BJ, Bjarnason GA, Geczi L, Keam B, Maroto P, Heng DY, Schmidinger M, Kantoff PW, Borgman-Hagey A, Hessel C, Scheffold C, Schwab GM, Tannir NM, Motzer RJ, Investigators M (2015) Cabozantinib versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 373(19):1814–1823. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1510016
Schiff D, Desjardins A, Cloughesy T, Mikkelsen T, Glantz M, Chamberlain MC, Reardon DA, Wen PY (2016) Phase 1 dose escalation trial of the safety and pharmacokinetics of cabozantinib concurrent with temozolomide and radiotherapy or temozolomide after radiotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with high-grade gliomas. Cancer 122(4):582–587. doi:10.1002/cncr.29798
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Bill Reisdorph for his excellent management of the study specific IND 114,716. Young Lee processed urinary samples for the correlative molecular biomarker analysis. Donald Bottaro of the Urologic Oncology Branch at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) provided access to the electrochemiluminescence instrument for the c-Met assay. Exelixis, Inc. provided cabozantinib for this study. Research reported in this publication was supported by the NCI of the National Institutes of Health under award number P30CA046592, Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MICHR) under award number UL1TR000433, and funded in part by the intramural program of the NCI.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhen, D.B., Griffith, K.A., Ruch, J.M. et al. A phase I trial of cabozantinib and gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Invest New Drugs 34, 733–739 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-016-0376-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-016-0376-1