Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cholecystectomy for Biliary Dyskinesia: How Did We Get There?

  • Review
  • Published:
Digestive Diseases and Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

The focus of biliary dyskinesia (BD) shifted within the last 30 years, moving from symptoms after cholecystectomy (CCY) to symptoms with morphological normal gallbladder, but low gallbladder ejection fraction.

Methods

We searched the pubmed database to systematically review studies focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder dysfunction.

Results

Impaired gallbladder contraction can be found in about 20 % of healthy controls and an even higher number of patients with various other disorders. Surgery for BD increased after introduction of laparoscopic CCY, with BD now accounting for >20 % of CCY in adults and up to 60 % in pediatric patients. The majority of cases reported were operated in the USA, which differs from surgical series for cholelithiasis. Postoperative outcomes do not differ between groups with abnormal or normal gallbladder function.

Conclusion

Functional gallbladder testing should not be seen as an indicator of relevant biliary tract disease or prognostic marker to identify patients who may benefit from operative intervention. Instead biliary dyskinesia should be considered as a part of a spectrum of functional disorders, which are generally managed conservatively. Small proof of concept studies have demonstrated effects of medical therapy on biliary dysfunction and should thus be never tested in appropriately designed trials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Langenbuch C. Ein Fall von Extirpation der Gallenblase wegen chronischer Cholelithiasis Heilung. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift. 1882;19:725–727.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Krukenberg H. Über Gallenkoliken ohne Gallensteine. Berliner Klin Wochenschrift 1903;XI:660.

  3. Mackay W. Cholecystitis without stone. Br J Surg. 1934;22:274–295.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wald A. Functional biliary-type pain: update and controversies. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39:S217–S222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mertens MC, Roukema JA, Scholtes VP, et al. Risk assessment in cholelithiasis: is cholecystectomy always to be preferred? J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14:1271–1279.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Westphal K. Muskelfunktion, Nervensystem and Pathologie der Gallenwege. Ztschr f klin Med. 1923;96:22.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bisgaard-Frantzen CF. Dyskinesia of the biliary tract treated by bilateral thoracal sympathectomy. Acta Psychiat Scand. 1949;24:297–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Oi M, Kobayashi K. Vagotomy as a surgical procedure for relief of pain. Am J Surg. 1963;106:49–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fink-Bennett D, Deridder P, Kolozsi WZ, et al. Cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy: detection of abnormal gallbladder motor function in patients with chronic acalculous gallbladder disease. J Nucl Med. 1991;32:1695–1699.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Taylor R, Ornstein M, Baird I. Imaging gall-bladder emptying. Br Med J. 1980;280:716–717.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Westlake PJ, Hershfield NB, Kelly JK, et al. Chronic right upper quadrant pain without gallstones: does HIDA scan predict outcome after cholecystectomy? Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:986–990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ibrahim K, Moneim R, Ekdawi A. The surgical gallbladder. Int Surg. 1977;62:239–243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hansel SL, Dibaise JK. Functional gallbladder disorder: gallbladder dyskinesia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39:369–379.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ozden N, Dibaise JK. Gallbladder ejection fraction and symptom outcome in patients with acalculous biliary-like pain. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48:890–897.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dibaise JK, Richmond BK, Ziessman HH, et al. Cholecystokinin-cholescintigraphy in adults: consensus recommendations of an interdisciplinary panel. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:376–384.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Delgado-Aros S, Cremonini F, Bredenoord A, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis: does gall-bladder ejection fraction on cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy predict outcome after cholecystectomy in suspected functional biliary pain? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:167–174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yap L, Wycherley AG, Morphett AD, et al. Acalculous biliary pain: cholecystectomy alleviates symptoms in patients with abnormal cholescintigraphy. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:786–793.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Barnes S, Clark D, Schwartz R. Biliary dyskinesia: a brief review. Curr Surg. 2004;61:428–434.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Halata MS, Berezin SH. Biliary dyskinesia in the pediatric patient. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10:332–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Ponsky T, Desagun R, Brody F. Surgical therapy for biliary dyskinesia: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2005;15:439–442.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Behar J, Corazziari E, Guelrud M, et al. Functional gallbladder and sphincter of oddi disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1498–1509.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Al-Homaidhi HS, Sukerek H, Klein M, et al. Biliary dyskinesia in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002;18:357–360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Constantinou C, Sucandy I, Ramenofsky M. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in children: report of 100 cases from a single institution. Am Surg. 2008;74:587–592.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Holcomb GW, Morgan WM, Neblett WW, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children: lessons learned from the first 100 patients. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:1236–1240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Canfield AJ, Hetz SP, Schriver JP, et al. Biliary dyskinesia: a study of more than 200 patients and review of the literature. J Gastrointest Surg. 1998;2:443–448.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Farha GJ, Green BP, Beamer RL. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a freestanding outpatient surgery center. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994;4:291–294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gurusamy KS, Junnarkar S, Farouk M et al. Cholecystectomy for suspected gallbladder dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD007086. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007086.pub2.

  28. Ziessman HA. Nuclear medicine hepatobiliary imaging. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:111–116.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Escarce J, Chen W, Schwartz J. Falling cholecystectomy thresholds since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JAMA. 1995;273:1581–1585.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Legorreta A, Silber J, Costantino G, et al. Increased cholecystectomy rate after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. JAMA. 1993;270:1429–1432.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hogan W, Geenen J. Biliary dyskinesia. Endoscopy. 1988;20:179–183.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Grace P, Poston G, Williamson R. Biliary motility. Gut. 1990;31:571–582.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Raptopoulos V, Compton CC, Doherty P, et al. Chronic acalculous gallbladder disease: multiimaging evaluation with clinical-pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 1986;147:721–724.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Barron LG, Rubio PA. Importance of accurate preoperative diagnosis and role of advanced laparoscopic cholecystectomy in relieving chronic acalculous cholecystitis. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1995;5:357–361.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Matthews BD, Williams GB. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in an academic hospital: evaluation of changes in perioperative outcomes. JSLS. 1999;3:9–17.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jones-Monahan K, Gruenberg JC. Chronic acalculous cholecystitis: changes in patient demographics and evaluation since the advent of laparoscopy. JSLS. 1999;3:221–224.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fenster LF, Lonborg R, Thirlby RC, et al. What symptoms does cholecystectomy cure? Insights from an outcomes measurement project and review of the literature. Am J Surg. 1995;169:533–538.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fuller RA, Kuhn JA, Fisher TL, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acalculous gallbladder disease. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2000;4:331–333.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Patel NA, Lamb JJ, Hogle NJ, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of biliary dyskinesia. Am J Surg. 2004;187:209–212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen PF, Nimeri A, Pham QH, et al. The clinical diagnosis of chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Surgery. 2001;130:578–581.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Joseph S, Moore BT, Sorensen GB et al. Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a comparison with the gold standard. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:3008–3015.

  42. Vegunta RK, Raso M, Pollock J, et al. Biliary dyskinesia: the most common indication for cholecystectomy in children. Surgery. 2005;138:726–731.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. St Peter SD, Keckler SJ, Nair A et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediatric population. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2008;18:127–130.

  44. Siddiqui S, Newbrough S, Alterman D, et al. Efficacy of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:109–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hofeldt M, Richmond B, Huffman K, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of biliary dyskinesia is safe and effective in the pediatric population. Am Surg. 2008;74:1069–1072.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kaye AJ, Jatla M, Mattei P, et al. Use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in the child. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:1057–1059.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Planells Roig M, Bueno Lledó J, Sanahuja Santafé A et al. Quality of life (GIQLI) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy usefulness in patients with gallbladder dysfunction or chronic non-lithiasic biliary pain (chronic acalculous cholecystitis). Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2004;96:446–451.

  48. Hadigan C, Fishman SJ, Connolly LP, et al. Stimulation with fatty meal (Lipomul) to assess gallbladder emptying in children with chronic acalculous cholecystitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37:178–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Majeski J. Gallbladder ejection fraction: an accurate evaluation of symptomatic acalculous gallbladder disease. Int Surg. 2003;88:95–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Adams DB, Tarnasky PR, Hawes RH, et al. Outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Am Surg. 1998;64:1–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Khosla R, Singh A, Miedema BW, et al. Cholecystectomy alleviates acalculous biliary pain in patients with a reduced gallbladder ejection fraction. South Med J. 1997;90:1087–1090.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mishkind MT, Pruitt RF, Bambini DA, et al. Effectiveness of cholecystokinin-stimulated cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis and treatment of acalculous gallbladder disease. Am Surg. 1997;63:769–774.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Reed DN, Fernandez M, Hicks RD. Kinevac-assisted cholescintigraphy as an accurate predictor of chronic acalculous gallbladder disease and the likelihood of symptom relief with cholecystectomy. Am Surg. 1993;59:273–277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Poynter MT, Saba AK, Evans RA, et al. Chronic acalculous biliary disease: cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy is useful in formulating treatment strategy and predicting success after cholecystectomy. Am Surg. 2002;68:382–384.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Decamp JR, Tabatowski K, Schauwecker DS, et al. Comparison of gallbladder ejection fraction with histopathologic changes in acalculous biliary disease. Clin Nucl Med. 1992;17:784–786.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ham JM, Bolin TD, Wilton N, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of functional disorders of the biliary tract. Aust N Z J Surg. 1978;48:494–499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Misra DC, Blossom GB, Fink-Bennett D, et al. Results of surgical therapy for biliary dyskinesia. Arch Surg. 1991;126:957–960.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Sorenson MK, Fancher S, Lang NP, et al. Abnormal gallbladder nuclear ejection fraction predicts success of cholecystectomy in patients with biliary dyskinesia. Am J Surg. 1993;166:672–674.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jones DB, Soper NJ, Brewer JD, et al. Chronic acalculous cholecystitis: laparoscopic treatment. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1996;6:114–122.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Goncalves RM, Harris JA, Rivera DE. Biliary dyskinesia: natural history and surgical results. Am Surg. 1998;64:493–497.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Frassinelli P, Werner M, Reed JF, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy alleviates pain in patients with acalculous biliary disease. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1998;8:30–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Tabet J, Anvari M. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder dyskinesia: clinical outcome and patient satisfaction. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 1999;9:382–386.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Yost F, Margenthaler J, Presti M et al. Cholecystectomy is an effective treatment for biliary dyskinesia. Am J Surg. 1999;178;462–465.

  64. Dumont RC, Caniano DA. Hypokinetic gallbladder disease: a cause of chronic abdominal pain in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:859–862.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gollin G, Raschbaum GR, Moorthy C, et al. Cholecystectomy for suspected biliary dyskinesia in children with chronic abdominal pain. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:854–857.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gall CA, Chambers KJ. Cholecystectomy for gall bladder dyskinesia: symptom resolution and satisfaction in a rural surgical practice. ANZ J Surg. 2002;72:731–734.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Cunningham CC, Sehon JK, Johnson LW et al. Outcomes of surgical therapy for biliary dyskinesia. J La State Med Soc. 2003;155:189–191.

  68. Cay A, Imamoglu M, Kosucu P, et al. Gallbladder dyskinesia: a cause of chronic abdominal pain in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2003;13:302–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Middleton GW, Williams JH. Is gall bladder ejection fraction a reliable predictor of acalculous gall bladder disease? Nucl Med Commun. 1992;13:894–896.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Middleton GW, Williams JH. Diagnostic accuracy of 99Tcm-HIDA with cholecystokinin and gallbladder ejection fraction in acalculous gallbladder disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2001;22:657–661.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Watson A, Better N, Kalff VNP et al. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-HIDA scintigraphy in patients with suspected gall-bladder dysfunction. Australas Radiol. 1994;38:30–33.

  72. Skipper K, Sligh S, Dunn E, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for an abnormal hepato-iminodiacetic acid scan: a worthwhile procedure. Am Surg. 2000;66:30–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Young SB, Arregui M, Singh K. HIDA scan ejection fraction does not predict sphincter of Oddi hypertension or clinical outcome in patients with suspected chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Surg Endoscopy. 2006;20:1872–1878.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Riyad K, Chalmers CR, Aldouri A, et al. The role of (99 m)technetium-labelled hepato imino diacetic acid (HIDA) scan in the management of biliary pain. HPB (Oxford). 2007;9:219–224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. O’neill GT, Mccreath G. An audit of biliary scintigraphy in a district general hospital (1993–1998) with special reference to the investigation of acalculous gallbladder disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2000;21:829–834.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Smythe A, Ahmed R, Fitzhenry M, et al. Bethanechol provocation testing does not predict symptom relief after cholecystectomy for acalculous biliary pain. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36:682–686.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pickleman J, Peiss R, Henkin R, et al. The role of sincalide cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with acalculus gallbladder disease. Arch Surg. 1985;120:693–997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Barr RG, Agnesi JN, Schaub CR. Acalculous gallbladder disease: US evaluation after slow-infusion cholecystokinin stimulation in symptomatic and asymptomatic adults. Radiology. 1997;204:105–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Marks J, Tacchino R, Roberts K, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of traditional laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: report of preliminary data. Am J Surg. 2011;201:369–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Cho J, Han H, Yoon Y, et al. Hepatobiliary scan for assessing disease severity in patients with cholelithiasis. Arch Surg. 2011;146:169–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Cantore F, Colombo E, Giuseppe M, et al. Single access cholecystectomy using standard laparoscopic instruments. Updates Surg.. 2011;63:31–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Khan O, Balaji S, Branagan G, et al. Randomized clinical trial of routine on-table cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2011;98:362–367.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Georgiou C, Demetriou N, Pallaris T, et al. Is the routine use of drainage after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy justified? A randomized trial. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2011;21:119–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Han H, Choi S, Kim W, et al. Single-incision multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy: things to overcome. Arch Surg. 2011;146:68–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Al-Mulhim A, Amin T. Outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a secondary level of care in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:47–52.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lill S, Rantala A, Pekkala E, et al. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy without routine intraoperative cholangiography: a retrospective analysis of 1101 consecutive cases. Scand J Surg. 2010;99:197–200.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Vázquez-Rosales M, Sánchez-Aguilar J, Hernández-Sierra F, et al. Experience with a new design of endoretractor for gasless laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010;20:416–419.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Zha Y, Chen X, Luo D, et al. The prevention of major bile duct injures in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the experience with 13,000 patients in a single center. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010;20:378–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Emami C, Garrett D, Anselmo D, et al. Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a pediatric population: a preliminary report. Am Surg. 2010;76:1047–1049.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Yetim I, Dervisoglu A, Karaköse O, et al. Is advanced age a significant risk factor for laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Minerva Chir. 2010;65:507–513.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ainsworth A, Axelsen A, Rasmussen L. Cholecystectomy in children. Dan Med Bull. 2010;57:A4201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bagloo MB, Dakin G, Mormino LP, Pomp A. Single-access laparoscopic cholecystectomy with routine intraoperative cholangiogram. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:1683–1688.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Harju J, Kokki H, Pääkkönen M, et al. Feasibility of minilaparotomy versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy for day surgery: a prospective randomised study. Scand J Surg. 2010;99:132–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Barbaros U, Sümer A, Tunca F, et al. Our early experiences with single-incision laparoscopic surgery: the first 32 patients. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010;20:306–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bokobza B, Valverde A, Magne E, et al. Single umbilical incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: initial experience of the Coelio Club. J Visc Surg. 2010;147:253–257.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Ching Li L, Ming-Te H, Soul-Chin C et al. Initial experience of single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (with video). Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010;20:243–246.

  97. Celik A, Frat N, Celebi F, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and postoperative pain: is it affected by intra-abdominal pressure? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010;20:220–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ito M, Asano Y, Horiguchi A, et al. Cholecystectomy using single-incision laparoscopic surgery with a new SILS port. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2010;17:688–691.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kandil T, El Hefnawy E. Shoulder pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: factors affecting the incidence and severity. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010;20:677–682.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Carr A, Bhavaraju A, Goza J, et al. Initial experience with single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg. 2010;76:703–707.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lirici M, Califano A. Management of complicated gallstones: results of an alternative approach to difficult cholecystectomies. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 2010;19:304–315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Marinis A, Stamatakis E, Tsaroucha A, et al. Safety and effectiveness of outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a teaching hospital: a prospective study of 110 consecutive patients. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3:207.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Saeb-Parsy K, Mills A, Rang C, et al. Emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy in an unselected cohort: a safe and viable option in a specialist centre. Int J Surg. 2010;8:489–493.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Lee P, Lo C, Lai P, et al. Randomized clinical trial of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus minilaparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2010;97:1007–1012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Huang S, Hsiao K, Pan H, et al. Overcoming the difficulties in laparoscopic management of contracted gallbladders with gallstones: possible role of fundus-down approach. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:284–291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Rawlings A, Hodgett S, Matthews B, et al. Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: initial experience with critical view of safety dissection and routine intraoperative cholangiography. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211:1–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Zhang G, Liu S, Yu W, et al. Gasless laparoendoscopic single-site surgery with abdominal wall lift in general surgery: initial experience. Surg Endosc. 2011;25:298–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Ertem M, Ozben V, Yilmaz S, et al. The use of tacker and arthroscopy cannules in SILS cholecystectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010;20:551–554.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Iannelli A, Schneck A, Ioia G, et al. Single incision laparoscopic surgery cholecystectomy: a preliminary experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010;20:e89–e91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Clegg-Lamptey J, Amponsah G. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana: an initial report. West Afr J Med. 2010;29:113–116.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Gelmini R, Franzoni C, Zona S, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with Harmonic scalpel. JSLS. 2010;14:14–19.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Bostanci E, Ercan M, Ozer I, et al. Timing of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography with sphincterotomy: a prospective observational study of 308 patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2010;395:661–666.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Al-Mulhim A. The outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in diabetic patients: a prospective study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010;20:417–420.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Hamad M, Thabet M, Badawy A, et al. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy in patients with liver cirrhosis: a prospective, randomized study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010;20:405–409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Bergman S, Sourial N, Vedel I, et al. Gallstone disease in the elderly: are older patients managed differently? Surg Endosc. 2011;25:55–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Nougues C, Harmon C, Hansen E, et al. Cholecystectomy using single-incision pediatric endosurgery: technique and initial experience in the first 25 cases. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010;20:493–496.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Stephens M, Beaton C, Steger A. Early cholecystectomy after acute admission with cholecystitis: how much work? World J Surg. 2010;34:2041–2044.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Gowda D, Agarwal P, Bagdi R, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in children. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2009;14:204–206.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Cho J, Han H, Yoon Y, et al. Risk factors for acute cholecystitis and a complicated clinical course in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Arch Surg. 2010;145:329–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Sanjay P, Moore J, Saffouri E, et al. Index laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute admissions with cholelithiasis provides excellent training opportunities in emergency general surgery. Surgeon. 2010;8:127–131.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Li V, Yum J, Yeung Y. Optimal timing of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy after acute cholangitis and subsequent clearance of choledocholithiasis. Am J Surg. 2010;200:483–488.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Saccomani G, Arezzo A, Percivale A, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely with only three ports in the majority of cases. Chir Ital. 2009;61:613–616.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. El Nakeeb A, Askar W, El Lithy R, et al. Clipless laparoscopic cholecystectomy using the Harmonic scalpel for cirrhotic patients: a prospective randomized study. Surg Endosc. 2010;24:2536–2541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Mittal R, Jesudason MR, Nayak S. Selective histopathology in cholecystectomy for gallstone disease. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29:26–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Kortram K, Reinders J, Van Ramshorst B, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis should be performed by a laparoscopic surgeon. Surg Endosc. 2010;24:2206–2209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Lemos R, França P, Ferreira L, et al. Detection of bacterial DNA in acute and chronic cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 2010;97:532–536.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Vassiliou MC, Laycock WS. Biliary dyskinesia. Surg Clin North Am. 2008;88:1253–1272.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Toouli J. Biliary motility disorders. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1997;11:725–740.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Dauer M, Lammert F. Mandatory and optional function tests for biliary disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23:441–451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Funch-Jensen P, Drewes A, Madácsy L. Evaluation of the biliary tract in patients with functional biliary symptoms. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;14:2839–2845.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Telega G. Biliary dyskinesia in pediatrics. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8:172–176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Rastogi A, Slivka A, Moser A, et al. Controversies concerning pathophysiology and management of acalculous biliary-type abdominal pain. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:1391–1401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Shaffer E. Acalculous biliary pain: new concepts for an old entity. Dig Liver Dis. 2003;35:S20–S25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kalantar JS, Locke Iii GR, Talley NJ et al. Is irritable bowel syndrome more likely to be persistent in those with relatives who suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms? A population-based study at three time points. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:1389–1398.

  135. Locke G, Zinsmeister A, Fett S, et al. Overlap of gastrointestinal symptom complexes in a US community. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:29–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Festi D, Reggiani M, Attili A, et al. Natural history of gallstone disease: expectant management or active treatment? Results from a population-based cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:719–724.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Krishnamurthy GT, Brown PH. Comparison of fatty meal and intravenous cholecystokinin infusion for gallbladder ejection fraction. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1603–1610.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Buchpiguel C, Sapienza M, Vezzozzo D, et al. Gallbladder emptying in normal volunteers. Comparative study between cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography. Clin Nucl Med. 1996;21:208–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Xynos E, Pechlivanides G, Zoras OJ, et al. Reproducibility of gallbladder emptying scintigraphic studies. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:835–839.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Toftdahl DB, Hã JL, Winkler K. Dynamic cholescintigraphy: induction and description of gallbladder emptying. J Nuclear Med. 1996;37:261–266.

  141. Pons V, Sopena RN, Hoyos M, et al. Quantitative cholescintigraphy: selection of random dose for CCK-33 and reproducibility of abnormal results. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:446–450.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Rådberg G, Asztély M, Moonen M, et al. Contraction and evacuation of the gallbladder studied simultaneously by ultrasonography and 99 mTc-labeled diethyl-iminodiacetic acid scintigraphy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28:709–713.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Ziessman HA, Muenz LR, Agarwal AK, et al. Normal values for sincalide cholescintigraphy: comparison of two methods. Radiology. 2001;221:404–410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Ziessman HA, Fahey FH, Hixson DJ. Calculation of a gallbladder ejection fraction: advantage of continuous sincalide infusion over the three-minute infusion method. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:537–541.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Sarva RP, Shreiner DP, Van Thiel D, et al. Gallbladder function: methods for measuring filling and emptying. J Nucl Med. 1985;26:140–144.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Nakayama M, Távora DG, Gama RL, et al. Sonographic evaluation of gallbladder contractility in patients with spinal cord injury. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008;36:467–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Nakeeb A, Comuzzie AG, Al-Azzawi H, et al. Insulin resistance causes human gallbladder dysmotility. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:940–949.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Hahm J, Park J, Cho Y, et al. Changes in gallbladder motility in gastrectomized patients. Korean J Intern Med. 2000;15:19–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Bastouly M, Arasaki C, Ferreira J, et al. Early changes in postprandial gallbladder emptying in morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: correlation with the occurrence of biliary sludge and gallstones. Obes Surg. 2009;19:22–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Alagozlu H, Unal S, Karakan T, et al. Small-volume gallbladders and decreased motility in patients with achalasia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:191–193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Izbéki F, Rosztóczy A, Yobuta J, et al. Increased prevalence of gallstone disease and impaired gallbladder motility in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:2268–2275.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Sari R, Balci M. Relationship between weight loss and gallbladder motility in obese women. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98:1670–1676.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Bolukbas F, Bolukbas C, Horoz M, et al. Risk factors associated with gallstone and biliary sludge formation during pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:1150–1153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Sengupta S, Modak P, Mccauley N, et al. Effect of oral clarithromycin on gall-bladder motility in normal subjects and those with gall-stones. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:95–99.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Bektas A, Belet U, Kelkitli E, et al. Ultrasonic gallbladder function in chronic kidney disease: does predialysis, hemodialysis, or CAPD affect it? Ren Fail. 2005;27:677–681.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Guliter S, Yilmaz S, Yakaryilmaz F, et al. Evaluation of gallbladder motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005;135:407–411.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Sari R, Balci N, Balci M. Effects of exercise on gallbladder volume and motility in obese women. J Clin Ultrasound. 2005;33:218–222.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Dhiman R, Sarkar P, Sharma A, et al. Alterations in gallbladder emptying and bile retention in the absence of changes in bile lithogenicity in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49:1335–1341.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Fisher R, Thistle J, Lembo A, et al. Tegaserod does not alter fasting or meal-induced biliary tract motility. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1342–1349.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Lock G, Kammerl M, Schlottmann K, et al. Gallbladder motility in healthy volunteers: effects of age, gender, body mass index, and hair color. Hepatogastroenterology. 2003;50:1232–1235.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Sari R, Balci M, Coban E, et al. Sonographic evaluation of gallbladder volume and ejection fraction in obese women without gallstones. J Clin Ultrasound. 2003;31:352–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Kim AY, Choi I, Lee Y, et al. Functional analysis of gallbladder using three-dimensional ultrasound: preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2002;28:581–588.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Dhiman R, Arke L, Bhansali A, et al. Cisapride improves gallbladder emptying in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16:1044–1050.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Pauletzki J, Cicala M, Holl J, et al. Correlation between gall bladder fasting volume and postprandial emptying in patients with gall stones and healthy controls. Gut. 1993;34:1443–1447.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Pauletzki J, Cicala M, Spengler U, et al. Gallbladder emptying during high-dose cholecystokinin infusions. Effect in patients with gallstone disease and healthy controls. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995;30:128–132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Acalovschi M, Badea R. Ultrasonographic study of gall-bladder emptying in obese patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992;16:313–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. De Boer SY, Masclee AA, Lam WF, et al. Effect of hyperglycaemia on gallbladder motility in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1994;37:75–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Moschetta A, Twickler TB, Rehfeld JF, et al. Effects of growth hormone deficiency and recombinant growth hormone therapy on postprandial gallbladder motility and cholecystokinin release. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49:529–534.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Cay A, Imamoglu M, Sarihan H, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of fatty meal stimulated gallbladder contraction in the diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia in children. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95:838–842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Catnach SM, Ballinger AB, Stevens M, et al. Erythromycin induces supranormal gall bladder contraction in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Gut. 1993;34:1123–1127.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Krönert K, Götz V, Reuland P, et al. Gallbladder emptying in diabetic patients and control subjects assessed by real-time ultrasonography and cholescintigraphy: a methodological comparison. Ultrasound Med Biol. 1989;15:535–539.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Calabuig R, Castilla M, Pi F, et al. Gallbladder dyskinesia in acalculous biliary colic. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 1996;88:770–779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Al-Jiffry BO, Shaffer EA, Saccone GT, et al. Changes in gallbladder motility and gallstone formation following laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obesity. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003;17:169–174.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Al-Muqbel KM. Diagnostic value of gallbladder emptying variables in chronic acalculous cholecystitis as assessed by fatty meal cholescintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:669–674.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Yaylali OT, Yilmaz M, Kiraç FS, et al. Scintigraphic evaluation of gallbladder motor functions in H. pylori positive and negative patients in the stomach with dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:1406–1410.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Brown AM, Bradshaw MJ, Richardson R, et al. Pathogenesis of the impaired gall bladder contraction of coeliac disease. Gut. 1987;28:1426–1432.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Bartel TB, Juweid ME, Ponto JA, et al. Corn oil emulsion: a simple cholecystagogue for diagnosis of chronic acalculous cholecystitis. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:67–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Kakhki VR, Zakavi SR, Davoudi Y. Normal values of gallbladder ejection fraction using 99 mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy after a fatty meal formula. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:157–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Bobba VR, Krishnamurthy GT, Kingston E, et al. Gallbladder dynamics induced by a fatty meal in normal subjects and patients with gallstones: concise communication. J Nucl Med. 1984;25:21–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Xia C, Yang X, Hong G. 99Tcm-DISIDA hepatobiliary imaging in evaluating gallbladder function in patients with spinal cord injury. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2007;6:204–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Kao C, Hsieh J, Tsai S, et al. Evidence of impaired gallbladder function in patients with liver cirrhosis by quantitative radionuclide cholescintigraphy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1301–1304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Utter A, Whitcomb D, Nieman D, et al. Effects of exercise training on gallbladder function in an obese female population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:41–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Masclee A, Jansen J, Driessen W, et al. Effect of truncal vagotomy on cholecystokinin release, gallbladder contraction, and gallbladder sensitivity to cholecystokinin in humans. Gastroenterology. 1990;98:1338–1344.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Caravel J, Bonaz B, Hostein J, et al. Scintigraphic study of gallbladder emptying and duodenogastric reflux during non-ulcerous dyspepsia. Eur J Nucl Med. 1990;17:134–141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Al-Muqbel KM. Gallbladder ejection fraction measured by fatty meal cholescintigraphy: is it affected by extended gallbladder emptying data acquisition time? Ann Nucl Med. 2010;24:29–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Davis GB, Berk RN, Scheible FW, et al. Cholecystokinin cholecystography, sonography, and scintigraphy: detection of chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139:1117–1121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Krishnamurthy G, Bobba V, Kingston E. Radionuclide ejection fraction: a technique for quantitative analysis of motor function of the human gallbladder. Gastroenterology. 1981;80:482–490.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Krishnamurthy G, Krishnamurthy S, Gambhir S, et al. Development and intra-institutional and inter-institutional validation of a comprehensive new hepatobiliary software: part 1—liver and gallbladder function. Nucl Med Commun. 2009;30:934–944.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gani JS. Can sincalide cholescintigraphy fulfil the role of a gall-bladder stress test for patients with gall-bladder stones? Aust N Z J Surg. 1998;68:514–519.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Ziessman HA, Tulchinsky M, Lavely WC, et al. Sincalide-stimulated cholescintigraphy: a multicenter investigation to determine optimal infusion methodology and gallbladder ejection fraction normal values. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:277–281.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Cahan M, Balduf L, Colton K, et al. Proton pump inhibitors reduce gallbladder function. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:1364–1367.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Fong Y, Hsu H, Sun S, et al. Impaired gallbladder function in spinal cord injury on quantitative Tc-99m DISIDA cholescintigraphy. Abdom Imaging. 2003;28:87–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Yang C-C, Sun S-S, Lin C-C, et al. Evidence of impaired gallbladder function in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus by quantitative cholescintigraphy. J Diabetes Complicat. 2002;16:347–351.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Kao M, Chang H, Kao C, et al. Evaluation of gallbladder function in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal failure by quantitative radionuclide cholescintigraphy. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:613–615.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Vyas P, Vesy T, Konez O, et al. Estimation of gallbladder ejection fraction utilizing cholecystokinin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiography and comparison with hepatobiliary scintigraphy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002;15:75–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Sostre S, Canto M, Kalloo A. Gallbladder response to a second dose of cholecystokinin during the same imaging study. Eur J Nucl Med. 1992;19:964–965.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Raymond F, Lepanto L, Rosenthall L, et al. Tc-99m-IDA gallbladder kinetics and response to CCK in chronic cholecystitis. Eur J Nucl Med. 1988;14:378–381.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Mesgarzadeh M, Krishnamurthy GT, Bobba VR, et al. Filling, Postcholecystokinin emptying, and refilling of normal gallbladder: effects of two different doses of CCK on refilling: concise communication. J Nuclear Med. 1983;24:666–671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Fisher R, Rock E, Malmud L. Cholinergic effects on gallbladder emptying in humans. Gastroenterology. 1985;89:716–722.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Krishnamurthy GT, Krishnamurthy S, Brown PH. Constancy and variability of gallbladder ejection fraction: impact on diagnosis and therapy. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1872–1877.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Lijmer J, Mol B, Heisterkamp S, et al. Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA. 1999;282:1061–1066.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Van Der Schouw Y, Verbeek A, Ruijs S. Guidelines for the assessment of new diagnostic tests. Invest Radiol. 1995;30:334–340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Morton JM, Bowers SP, Lucktong TA, et al. Gallbladder function before and after fundoplication. J Gastrointestinal Surg. 2002;6:806–811.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Gunay A, Gurbuz AK, Narin Y, et al. Gallbladder and gastric motility in patients with idiopathic slow-transit constipation. South Med J. 2004;97:124–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Pechlivanides G, Xynos E, Chrysos E, et al. Gallbladder emptying after antiulcer gastric surgery. Am J Surg. 1994;168:335–339.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Morris-Stiff G, Falk G, Kraynak L, et al. The cholecystokin provocation HIDA test: recreation of symptoms is superior to ejection fraction in predicting medium-term outcomes. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15:345–349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Jagannath SB, Singh VK, Cruz-Correa M, et al. A long-term cohort study of outcome after cholecystectomy for chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Am J Surg. 2003;185:91–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Brugge WR, Brand DL, Atkins HL, et al. Gallbladder dyskinesia in chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:461–467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Velanovich V. Biliary dyskinesia and biliary crystals: a prospective study. Am Surg. 1997;63:69–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Campbell BT, Narasimhan NP, Golladay ES, et al. Biliary dyskinesia: a potentially unrecognized cause of abdominal pain in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2004;20:579–581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Gunna BR, Yannam GR, Kavita N, et al. Acalculous biliary tract disorders: the value of fatty meal-cholescintigraphy. Surgeon. 2003;5:293–295.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Brosseuk D, Demetrick J. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptoms of biliary colic in the absence of gallstones. Am J Surg. 2003;186:1–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Al-Azzawi HH, Nakeeb A, Saxena R, et al. Cholecystosteatosis: an explanation for increased cholecystectomy rates. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11:835–842.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Fobi M, Lee H, Igwe D, et al. Prophylactic cholecystectomy with gastric bypass operation: incidence of gallbladder disease. Obes Surg. 2002;12:350–353.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Liem RK, Niloff PH. Prophylactic cholecystectomy with open gastric bypass operation. Obes Surg. 2004;14:763–765.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Guadalajara H, Sanz Baro R, Pascual I et al. Is prophylactic cholecystectomy useful in obese patients undergoing gastric bypass? Obes Surg. 2006;16:883–885.

  217. Nougou A, Suter M. Almost routine prophylactic cholecystectomy during laparoscopic gastric bypass is safe. Obes Surg. 2008;18:535–539.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Csendes A, Burdiles P, Smok G, et al. Histologic findings of gallbladder mucosa in 87 patients with morbid obesity without gallstones compared to 87 control subjects. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:547–551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Mooney M, Carter P. Routine cholecystectomy in the morbidly obese. Mil Med. 1989;154:409–411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Sohn VY, Arthurs ZM, Martin MJ, et al. Incidental pathologic findings in open resectional gastric bypass specimens with routine cholecystectomy and appendectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:608–611.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Heames R, Du Boulay C. A clinicopathological survey of gallstones in the autopsy population. J R Nav Med Serv. 1993;79:83–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Barcia JJ. Histologic analysis of chronic inflammatory patterns in the gallbladder: diagnostic criteria for reporting cholecystitis. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2003;7:147–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Carney DE, Kokoska ER, Grosfeld JL, et al. Predictors of successful outcome after cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39:813–816.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Haricharan RN, Proklova L, Aprahamian CJ, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia in children provides durable symptom relief. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43:1060–1064.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Carr JA, Walls J, Bryan LJ, et al. The treatment of gallbladder dyskinesia based upon symptoms: results of a 2-year, prospective, nonrandomized, concurrent cohort study. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009;19:222–226.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Paajanen H, Miilunpohja S, Joukainen S, et al. Role of quantitative cholescintigraphy for planning laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with gallbladder dyskinesia and chronic abdominal pain. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009;19:16–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Sabbaghian MS, Rich BS, Rothberger GD, et al. Evaluation of surgical outcomes and gallbladder characteristics in patients with biliary dyskinesia. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12:1324–1330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Bingener J, Richards ML, Schwesinger WH, et al. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia: correlation of preoperative cholecystokinin cholescintigraphy results with postoperative outcome. Surg Endoscopy. 2004;18:802–806.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Scott Nelson R, Kolts R, Park R et al. A comparison of cholecystectomy and observation in children with biliary dyskinesia. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:1894–1898.

  230. Geiger TM, Awad ZT, Burgard M, et al. Prognostic indicators of quality of life after cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia. Am Surg. 2008;74:400–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Al-Muqbel K, Bani Hani M, Daradkeh M et al. Usefulness of fatty meal-stimulated cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Ann Nucl Med. 2009;23:137–142.

  232. Dudekula A, O’connell MKB. Hospitalizations and testing in gastroparesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:1275–1282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Longstreth GF, Yao JF. Irritable bowel syndrome and surgery: a multivariable analysis. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1665–1673.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Halder SL, Locke Iii GR, Schleck CD et al. Natural history of functional gastrointestinal disorders: a 12-year longitudinal population-based study. Gastroenterology 2007;133:799–807.

  235. Madácsy L, Velosy B, Szepes A, et al. Effect of nitric oxide on gallbladder motility in patients with acalculous biliary pain: a cholescintigraphic study. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:1975–1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Llamas-Elvira J, Sopena R, Martínez-Paredes M, et al. Muscarinic control of gallbladder dynamics. A study using 99Tcm-HIDA and cholinergic agonists and antagonists. Nucl Med Commun. 1990;11:813–817.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Richter JE, Dalton CB, Bradley LA, et al. Oral nifedipine in the treatment of noncardiac chest pain in patients with the nutcracker esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1987;93:21–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Fischler B, Tack J, De Gucht V, et al. Heterogeneity of symptom pattern, psychosocial factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms in severe functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:903–910.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Desautels S, Slivka A, Hutson W, et al. Postcholecystectomy pain syndrome: pathophysiology of abdominal pain in sphincter of Oddi type III. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:900–905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Mertens MC, Roukema JA, Scholtes VPW, et al. Trait anxiety predicts unsuccessful surgery in gallstone disease. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:198–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Divisions of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Klaus Bielefeldt & Dhiraj Yadav

  2. General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Shreyas Saligram, Susan L. Zickmund & Anwar Dudekula

  3. Center of Health Equity Research and Practice, Veteran Administration Health System Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Susan L. Zickmund

  4. Divisions of Gastroenterology, Kansas University of Medical Sciences, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Shreyas Saligram & Mojtaba Olyaee

Authors
  1. Klaus Bielefeldt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shreyas Saligram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Susan L. Zickmund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anwar Dudekula
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mojtaba Olyaee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dhiraj Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Klaus Bielefeldt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bielefeldt, K., Saligram, S., Zickmund, S.L. et al. Cholecystectomy for Biliary Dyskinesia: How Did We Get There?. Dig Dis Sci 59, 2850–2863 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3342-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3342-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation