Abstract
Previous research on China’s corruption and its continued, tolerated existence tended to focus on guanxi wang networks (informal gift-giving) and baohu san (protective “umbrellas” from enforcement). This article compares China with the United States and argues that enforcement results between the two countries are similar even though the mechanisms are distinct. Issues of system capacity and non-issue making explain the similar effects of these disparate methods (codes of conduct in the U.S. and anti-corruption crackdowns in China).
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
In China, a public procurator is an officer charged with both the investigation and prosecution of crime. The office is a feature of a civil law “inquisitorial,” rather than common law “adversarial,” system.
References
Bakken, B. (2018). Crime and the Chinese dream. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University.
Jennings, R. (2018). Bad for business? China’s corruption isn’t getting any better despite government crackdowns. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2018/03/15/corruption-in-china-gets-stuck-half-way-between-the-worlds-best-and-worst/#8d27a9073d10. Accessed November 2018.
Cabestan, J.-P. (2017). Why corruption is here to stay in China | HuffPost. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/china-corruption_us_58c866b2e4b01c029d7731ea. November 2017
Keliher, M., & Wu, H. (2015). What China’s anti-corruption campaign is really about. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/04/xi-jinping-china-corruption-political-culture/389787/. Accessed November 2017.
60 Minutes. (2012). Jack Abramoff: The lobbyist’s playbook. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jack-abramoff-the-lobbyists-playbook-09-07-2012/. Accessed March 2018.
PBS Newshour. (2005). Rise and fall of Jack Abramoff. Retrieved February 3, 2019, from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/rise-and-fall-of-jack-abramoff. Accessed March 2018.
Zimring, F. E., & Johnson, D. T. (2007). On the comparative study of corruption. In H. N. Pontell & G. Geis (Eds.), International handbook of white-collar and corporate crime (pp. 456–473). Boston: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34111-8_22.
Zimring, F. E., & Hawkins, G. (1997). Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America. New York: Oxford Univ. Pr.
Tonry, M. (2015). Is cross-national and comparative research on the criminal justice system useful? European Journal of Criminology, 12(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370815581699.
Braithwaite, J. (1985). White collar crime. Annual Review of Sociology, 11, 1–25.
Edelhertz, H. (1970). The nature, impact, and prosecution of white-collar crime. National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.
Bloch, H., & Geis, G. (1970). Man, crime, and society. New York: Penguin-Random House.
Clinard, M., & Quinney, R. (1973). Criminal behavior systems. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Sutherland, E. H. (1940). White-Collar criminality. American Sociological Review, 5(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2083937.
Sutherland, E. H. (1949). White collar crime. Dryden Press.
Ross, E. (1907). The Criminaloid. In Sin and society: An analysis of latter-day iniquity (pp. 45–71). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Geis, G., & Meier, R. F. (1977). White-collar crime: offenses in business, politics, and the professions (rev. ed). New York: The Free Press.
Chambliss, W. J. (1988). On the take: From petty crooks to presidents (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Passas, N. (1998). Structural analysis of corruption: The role of criminogenic asymmetries. Transnational Organized Crime, 4(1), 42–55.
Gillespie, K., & Okruhlik, G. (1991). The political dimensions of corruption cleanups: A framework for analysis. Comparative Politics, 24(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.2307/422202.
Bunker, S., & Cohen, L. (1983). Collaboration and competition in two colonization projects: Toward a general theory of official corruption. Human Organization, 42(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.42.2.a152847m73542801.
Rundquist, B. S., Strom, G. S., & Peters, J. G. (1977). Corrupt politicians and their electoral support: Some experimental observations. American Political Science Review, 71(3), 954–963.
Lowi, T. (1981). The intelligent Person’s guide to political corruption. Public Affairs, 82, 8.
Drew, E. (1999). The corruption of American politics. Secaucus: Birch Lane Press.
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. (2010). 558 U.S. 310. Supreme Court of the United States. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/558/310/. Accessed November 2017.
Coleman, J. W. (1989). The criminal elite: The sociology of white collar crime. New York: St.
Smith, A. (1776). An inquiry into the wealth of nations. London: Strahan and Cadell.
Gabel, J. T., Mansfield, N. R., & Houghton, S. M. (2009). Letter vs. spirit: The evolution of compliance into ethics. American Business Law Journal, 46(3), 453–486.
Geis, G. (1967). The heavy electric antitrust cases of 1961. In M. B. Clinard & R. Quinney (Eds.), Criminal behavior systems (pp. 139–150). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
United States Senate. (1961). Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary, Administered Prices. 87th congress, 1st session. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
Pitt, H. L., & Groskaufmanis, K. A. (1989). Minimizing Corporate Civil and Criminal Liability: A Second Look at Corporate Codes of Conduct. Georgetown Law Journal, 78, 1559.
Cressey, D. R., & Moore, C. A. (1983). Managerial Values and Corporate Codes of Ethics. New York: Peak, Marewick, and Mitchell Foundation. Criminal Justice Review, 13(1), 28–49.
Biegelman, M. T., & Biegelman, D. R. (2010). Foreign corrupt practices act compliance guidebook: protecting your organization from bribery and corruption. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons.
Goelzer, D. L. (1997). Designing an FCPA compliance program: Minimizing the risks of improper foreign payments. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 18, 282.
Yu, O. (2008). Corruption in China’s economic reform: A review of recent observations and explanations. Crime, Law and Social Change, 50(3), 161–176.
Zhang, L., Messner, S. F., & Liu, J. (2008). A critical review of recent literature on crime and criminal justice in China: Research findings, challenges, and prospects (introduction). Crime, Law and Social Change, 50(3), 125–130.
McGivering, J. (2006). China ‘selling prisoners’ organs’. BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4921116.stm. Accessed November 2017.
BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific. (2005a). Official says China prosecuted 30,788 government officials in 2004. Beijing: Xinhua news agency.
Zhe, Z. (2006). Suspects repatriation shows justice ‘will prevail.’ Chinadaily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-05/24/content_598594.htm. Accessed November 2017.
BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific. (2005b). Chinese official assesses economic crime in state-owned banks. Beijing: Xinhua news agency.
Tang, D. (2014). China seeks West’s help to track down corrupt officials who have fled country with their loot. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved from https://www.lubbockonline.com/filed-online/2014-11-08/china-seeks-wests-help-track-down-corrupt-officials-who-have-fled-country. Accessed November 2017.
China's int'l manhunt for fleeing corrupt officials nabs 124. (2016). Xinhua News Agency Cities. Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-03/13/c_135182493.htm. Accessed November 2017
China provides update on returned corruption fugitives. (2017). Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/10/c_136272417.htm. November 2017
Wu, W. (2016). What China has done to stop massive amounts of cash from fleeing the country. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/12/what-china-has-done-to-stop-massive-amounts-of-cash-from-fleeing-the-country.html. Accessed November 2017.
Leung, J. (2015). Xi's corruption crackdown. Foreign Affairs, (May/June 2015). Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-04-20/xis-corruption-crackdown. Accessed November 2017.
Lu, H., & Gunnison, E. (2003). Power, corruption, and the legal process in China. International Criminal Justice Review, 13(1), 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/105756770301300102
Cheng, H., & Ma, L. (2009). White collar crime and the criminal justice system: Government response to bank fraud and corruption in China. Journal of Financial Crime, 16(2), 166–179.
van Rooij, B. (2011). The people’s regulation: Citizens and implementation of law in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1918935.
Ma, J., & Ni, X. (2008). Toward a clean government in China: Does the budget reform provide a hope? Crime, Law and Social Change, 49(2), 119–138 Martin's Press.
Pontell, H. N., Calavita, K., & Tillman, R. (1994). Corporate crime and criminal justice system capacity: Government response to financial institution fraud. Justice Quarterly, 11(3), 383–410 Press.
Sun, P., & Zhang, Y. (2006). Is there penalty for crime: Corporate scandal and management turnover in China. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.891096.
Zhang, L., & Zhao, L. (2007). The punishment of corporate crime in China. In H. N. Pontell & G. Geis (Eds.), International handbook of white-collar and corporate crime (pp. 663–679). New York: Springer.
Henry N. Pontell. (2016). Trivializing White-Collar Crime: Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Implications of Alternative Definitions, in Francis Cullen, Michael Benson and Shanna Van Slyke (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press pp.39–56.
Calavita, K., Tillman, R., & Pontell, H. N. (1997). The savings and loan debacle, financial crime, and the state. Annual Review of Sociology, 23(1), 19–38.
Goetz, B. (1997). Organization as class bias in local law enforcement: Arson-for-profit as a "nonissue". Law and Society Review, 557–588.
Calavita, K., Pontell, H. N., & Tillman, R. (1997). Big money crime: fraud and politics in the savings and loan crisis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Crenson, M. A. (1971). The un-politics of air pollution: A study of non-decision-making in the cities by Matthew A. Crenson American Political Science Review. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1971. Pp. 227.
Shichor, D., & Geis, G. (2007). The itching palm: The crimes of bribery and extortion. In H. N. Pontell & G. Geis (Eds.), International handbook of white-collar and corporate crime (pp. 405–423). New York: Springer.
Osburg, J. (2013). Anxious wealth: money and morality among China’s new rich. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Osburg, J. (2018). Making business personal: Corruption, anti-corruption, and elite networks in Post-Mao China. Current Anthropology, 59(S18), S149–S159. https://doi.org/10.1086/695831.
Lemert, E. M. (2000). Rules, deviance, and social control theory. In C. C. Lemert & M. F. Winter (Eds.), Crime and deviance: Essays and innovations of Edwin M. Lemert. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Black, W. K. (2007). Corruption kills. In H. N. Pontell & G. Geis (Eds.), International handbook of white-collar and corporate crime (pp. 439–455). New York: Springer.
Shih, G. (2018). In China, investigations and purges become the new normal. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-china-investigations-and-purges-become-the-new-normal/2018/10/21/077fa736-d39c-11e8-a275-81c671a50422_story.html. Accessed November 2018.
Gueorguiev, D. D., & Stromseth, J. (2018). New Chinese agency could undercut other anti-corruption efforts. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/03/06/new-chinese-agency-could-undercut-other-anti-corruption-efforts/. November 2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghazi-Tehrani, A.K., Pontell, H.N. Corruption in the United States and China: codes of conduct vs. crackdowns. Crime Law Soc Change 73, 73–92 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09848-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09848-3