Abstract
Nicotine use and psychological distress exert negative bidirectional effects on one another, and are impacted by shared vulnerabilities. Little work has examined the extent to which these relations differ between adult electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDs) users with varied combustible cigarette use histories. The current study examined differences in internalizing symptoms and vulnerabilities between adult dual and single ENDs users with and without a history of combustible cigarette use. Single ENDs users without combustible use histories reported significantly greater stress and anxiety symptoms than single ENDs users with combustible use histories. Single ENDs users without combustible use histories reported greater anxiety and difficulty regulating their emotions than dual-users. Dual- and single users with prior combustible use histories did not differ in internalizing pathology or vulnerability presentations. This suggests that pathology and vulnerability presentation among nicotine users are influenced by both current and past nicotine use history.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abrantes, A. M., Strong, D. R., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., Carpenter, L. L., Price, L. H., … Brown, R. A. (2008). The role of negative affect in risk for early lapse among low distress tolerance smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1394–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.018.
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111, 33. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33.
Bandiera, F. C., Loukas, A., Li, X., Wilkinson, A. V., & Perry, C. L. (2017). Depressive symptoms predict current e-cigarette use among college students in Texas. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19, 1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx014.
Benowitz, N. L., Hukkanen, J., & Jacob, P. (2009). Nicotine chemistry, metabolism, kinetics, and biomarkers. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 192, 29–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2.
Blalock, J. A., Robinson, J. D., Wetter, D. W., Schreindorfer, L. S., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2008). Nicotine withdrawal in smokers with current depressive disorders undergoing intensive smoking cessation treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.22.1.122.
Boden, J. M., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2010). Cigarette smoking and depression: Tests of causal linkages using a longitudinal birth cohort. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065912.
Brioni, J. D., O’Neill, A. B., Kim, D. J., & Decker, M. W. (1993). Nicotinic receptor agonists exhibit anxiolytic-like effects on the elevated plus-maze test. European Journal of Pharmacology, 238, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(93)90498-7.
Brown, R. A., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C. W., & Ramsey, S. E. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity: Relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 887–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00241-6.
Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Strong, D. R., Kahler, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Carpenter, L. L., … Price, L. H. (2009). A prospective examination of distress tolerance and early smoking lapse in adult self-quitters. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11, 493–502. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntp041.
Caponnetto, P., & Polosa, R. (2008). Common predictors of smoking cessation in clinical practice. Respiratory Medicine, 102, 1182–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.017.
Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Breslau, N., Hatsukami, D., Krauss, M. J., Spitznagel, E. L., Grucza, R. A., … Bierut, L. J. (2014). Smoking cessation is associated with lower rates of mood/anxiety and alcohol use disorders. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2523–2535. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713003206.
Chaiton, M. O., Cohen, J. E., O’Loughlin, J., & Rehm, J. (2009). A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents. BMC Public Health, 9, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-356.
Chapman, S. L. C., & Wu, L.-T. (2014). E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: A review and comparison. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 54, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.005.
Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Zhang, H., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., Grant, B. F., … Compton, W. (2017). Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity and treatment of electronic nicotine delivery system use in the United States. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 178, 296–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.026.
Covey, L. S., Bomback, A., & Yan, G. W. Y. (2006). History of depression and smoking cessation: A rejoinder. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 8, 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200500485250.
Delnevo, C. D., Giovenco, D. P., Steinberg, M. B., Villanti, A. C., Pearson, J. L., Niaura, R. S., & Abrams, D. B. (2015). Patterns of electronic cigarette use among adults in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18, 715–719. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv237.
Farris, S. G., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Difficulties with emotion regulation and psychopathology interact to predict early smoking cessation lapse. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40, 357–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9705-5.
Farsalinos, K. E., Tsiapras, D., Kyrzopoulos, S., Savvopoulou, M., & Voudris, V. (2014). Acute effects of using an electronic nicotine-delivery device (electronic cigarette) on myocardial function: Comparison with the effects of regular cigarettes. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 14, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-14-78.
Gonzalez, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Leyro, T. M., & Marshall, E. C. (2008). An evaluation of anxiety sensitivity, emotional dysregulation, and negative affectivity among daily cigarette smokers: Relation to smoking motives and barriers to quitting. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.002.
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4.
Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2010). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9268-4.
Hendricks, P. S., Ditre, J. W., Drobes, D. J., & Brandon, T. H. (2006). The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects. Psychopharmacology, 187, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9.
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X29657.
Hughes, J. R., Higgins, S. T., & Bickel, W. K. (1994). Nicotine withdrawal versus other drug withdrawal syndromes: Similarities and dissimilarities. Addiction, 89, 1461–1470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03744.x.
Jamal, A., Homa, D. M., O’Connor, E., Babb, S. D., Caraballo, R. S., Singh, T., … King, B. A. (2015). Current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2005–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64, 1233–1240. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6444a2.
John, U., Meyer, C., Rumpf, H. J., & Hapke, U. (2004). Smoking, nicotine dependence and psychiatric comorbidity—a population-based study including smoking cessation after three years. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 76, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.004.
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Pine, D. S., Klein, D. F., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2000). Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. JAMA, 284, 2348–2351. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.18.2348.
Johnson, K. A., Stewart, S., Rosenfield, D., Steeves, D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012). Prospective evaluation of the effects of anxiety sensitivity and state anxiety in predicting acute nicotine withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 26, 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024133.
Kong, G., Morean, M. E., Cavallo, D. A., Camenga, D. R., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2015). Reasons for electronic cigarette experimentation and discontinuation among adolescents and young adults. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17, 847–854. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntu257.
Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. JAMA, 284, 2606–2610. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.20.2606.
Lawrence, D., Mitrou, F., & Zubrick, S. R. (2011). Non-specific psychological distress, smoking status and smoking cessation: United States national health interview survey 2005. BMC Public Health, 11, 256–269. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-256.
Lawrence, D., & Williams, J. M. (2015). Trends in smoking rates by level of psychological distress—time series analysis of US national health interview survey data 1997–2014. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18, 1463–1470. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv272.
Lechner, W. V., Janssen, T., Kahler, C. W., Audrain-McGovern, J., & Leventhal, A. M. (2017). Bi-directional associations of electronic and combustible cigarette use onset patterns with depressive symptoms in adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 96, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.034.
Leventhal, A. M., Strong, D. R., Sussman, S., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Unger, J. B., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., & Audrain-McGovern, J. (2016). Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent electronic and conventional cigarette use. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 73, 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.008.
Leventhal, A. M., Urman, R., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Goldenson, N. I., Gallegos, K., Chou, C. P., … Unger, J. (2017). Perceived stress and poly-tobacco product use across adolescence: Patterns of association and gender differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 94, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.010.
Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015). Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: A transdiagnostic vulnerability framework to understanding emotion–smoking comorbidity. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 176–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000003.
Leyro, T. M., Bernstein, A., Vujanovic, A. A., McLeish, A. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). Distress tolerance scale: A confirmatory factor analysis among daily cigarette smokers. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9197-2.
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.
McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2012). Refining the measurement of distress intolerance. Behavior Therapy, 43, 641–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.12.001.
Morissette, S. B., Tull, M. T., Gulliver, S. B., Kamholz, B. W., & Zimering, R. T. (2007). Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: A critical review of interrelationships. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 245–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.245.
Morrell, H. E., & Cohen, L. M. (2006). Cigarette smoking, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-005-9011-8.
Moylan, S., Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., & Berk, M. (2013). How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: A critical review of biological pathways. Brain and Behavior, 3, 302–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.137.
Park, S. H., Lee, L., Shearston, J. A., & Weitzman, M. (2017). Patterns of electronic cigarette use and level of psychological distress. PLoS ONE, 12, e0173625. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173625.
Picciotto, M. R., Brunzell, D. H., & Caldarone, B. J. (2002). Effect of nicotine and nicotinic receptors on anxiety and depression. Neuroreport, 13, 1097–1106. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200207020-00006.
Piper, M. E., Cook, J. W., Schlam, T. R., Jorenby, D. E., & Baker, T. B. (2011). Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seeking cessation treatment: Relations with tobacco dependence, withdrawal, outcome, and response to treatment. Addiction, 106, 418–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03173.x.
Piper, M. E., Smith, S. S., Schlam, T. R., Fleming, M. F., Bittrich, A. A., Brown, J. L., … Baker, T. B. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in smokers seeking treatment for tobacco dependence: Relations with tobacco dependence and cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018065.
Schoenborn, C. A., & Gindi, R. M. (2015). Electronic cigarette use among adults: United States, 2014. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
Spindle, T. R., Hiler, M. M., Cooke, M. E., Eissenberg, T., Kendler, K. S., & Dick, D. M. (2017). Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: A longitudinal examination of US college students. Addictive Behaviors, 67, 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.12.009.
Sutfin, E. L., McCoy, T. P., Morrell, H. E., Hoeppner, B. B., & Wolfson, M. (2013). Electronic cigarette use by college students. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 131, 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.001.
Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Effects of emotion regulation strategies on smoking craving, attentional bias, and task persistence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.010.
Taylor, G., McNeill, A., Girling, A., Farley, A., Lindson-Hawley, N., & Aveyard, P. (2014). Change in mental health after smoking cessation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 348, g1151. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1151.
Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., … Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the anxiety sensitivity index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19, 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). E-cigarette use among youths and young adults: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville: Office of Smoking and Health.
Weinberger, A. H., Desai, R. A., & McKee, S. A. (2010). Nicotine withdrawal in U.S. smokers with current mood, anxiety, alcohol use, and substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 108, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.004.
Zvolensky, M. J., Baker, K. M., Leen-Feldner, E., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Feldner, M. T., & Brown, R. A. (2004). Anxiety sensitivity: Association with intensity of retrospectively-rated smoking-related withdrawal symptoms and motivation to quit. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 33, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070310016969.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Mark V. Versella, Allison M. Borges, Christopher Lin and Teresa M. Leyro have no conflicts of interest to report.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Animal Rights
No animal studies were carried out by the authors for this article.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Versella, M.V., Borges, A.M., Lin, C. et al. Co-use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Combustible Cigarettes, and Their Association with Internalizing Pathology and Vulnerabilities. Cogn Ther Res 43, 114–120 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9971-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9971-0