A new look at carbon dioxide emissions in MENA countries

Table 6 Data description

Variable name	Measure and description	Data sources
CO₂ emissions (C_it)	Metric tons per capita	International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics
Real GDP per capita (Y_it)	GDP based on constant 2010 US dollars divided by the midyear population	World Economic Outlook (International Monetary Fund)
Energy use (EU_it)	Kilograms of oil equivalent per capita	International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics
Trade openness (TRADE_it)	The sum of exports and imports as a share of GDP (%)	International Financial Statistics (International Monetary Fund)
Foreign direct investment (FDI_it)	FDI net inflows as a share of GDP (%)	International Financial Statistics (International Monetary Fund)
Financial development (FIN_it)	Total value of domestic credit to the private sector as a share of GDP (%)	International Financial Statistics (International Monetary Fund)
Energy intensity (ei_it)	MJ (megajoules) per constant 2011 PPP GDP	International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics
Energy-related CO₂ (ec_it)	Kilograms per kg of oil equivalent energy use	International Energy Agency (IEA) Statistics

Notes: Data are collected for 12 MENA countries over the annual time period of 1970–2015: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)