Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Reliability and Validity of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale for Parents in Mainland Chinese Children and Adolescents

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale for Parents (SCAS-P) in 1943 father-mother dyads and 1785 students. Results of confirmatory factor analyses for SCAS-P were in favour of the original model with six correlated factors. The internal consistency of SCAS-P was acceptable (α = .63–.91), and the test–retest reliability was acceptable (r = .46–.72). The convergent and divergent validity of SCAS-P was supported by significant correlations with an internalizing subscale to a greater extent than with an externalizing subscale. Congruent validity was supported by significant correlations between father and mother reports (r = .60–.71) and child and parent reports (r = .25–.42). Significant differences between community and clinical samples supported the discriminant validity. Adolescents showed higher anxiety levels than children, and girls showed higher anxiety levels than boys. Our findings suggest that the SCAS-P is a suitable parent instrument to measure child anxiety symptoms in Mainland Chinese children and adolescents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Baumeister H, Härter M (2007) Prevalence of mental disorders based on general population surveys. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42:537–546

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593–602

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Costello EJ, Egger HL, Copeland W, Erkanli A, Angold A (2011) The developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders: phenomenology prevalence and comorbidity. Anxiety Disord Child Adolesc Res Assess Interv 2:56–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Axelson DA, Birmaher B (2001) Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence. Depress Anxiety 14:67–78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S (2002) Epidemiology of mood and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Textb Psychiatr Epidemiol 2:657–704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Spence SH (1998) A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther 36:545–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Wunder J, Beardslee WR, Schwartz CE, Roth J (1992) Chronic course of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31:595–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Muris P, Loxton H, Neumann A, du Plessis M, King N, Ollendick T (2006) DSM-defined anxiety disorders symptoms in South African youths: their assessment and relationship with perceived parental rearing behaviors. Behav Res Ther 44:883–896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Silverman WK, Ollendick TH (2005) Evidence-based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 34:380–411

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Reynolds CR, Richmond BO (1978) What I think and feel: a revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. J Abnorm Child Psychol 6:271–280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Spielberger CD, Edwards CD (1973) STAIC preliminary manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (“How I feel questionnaire”). Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ollendick TH (1983) Reliability and validity of the revised fear survey schedule for children (FSSC-R). Behav Res Ther 21:685–692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Spence SH (1997) Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. J Abnorm Psychol 106:280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, pp 471–475

    Google Scholar 

  15. Whiteside SP, Brown AM (2008) Exploring the utility of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scales parent-and child-report forms in a North American sample. J Anxiety Disord 22:1440–1446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous X, Guzmán BO, Ollendick TH (2011) Psychometric properties of the Spence Child Anxiety Scale with adolescents from five European countries. J Anxiety Disord 25:19–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ishikawa SI, Sato H, Sasagawa S (2009) Anxiety disorder symptoms in Japanese children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 23:104–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Li JCH, Lau WY, Au TKF (2011) Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale in a Hong Kong Chinese community sample. J Anxiety Disord 25:584–591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhao J, Xing X, Wang M (2012) Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in Mainland Chinese children and adolescents. J Anxiety Disord 26:728–736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nauta MH, Scholing A, Rapee RM, Abbott M, Spence SH, Waters A (2004) A parent-report measure of children’s anxiety: psychometric properties and comparison with child-report in a clinic and normal sample. Behav Res Ther 42:813–839

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nauta MH, Scholing A, Emmelkamp PM, Minderaa RB (2003) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with anxiety disorders in a clinical setting: no additional effect of a cognitive parent training. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:1270–1278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Arendt K, Hougaard E, Thastum M (2014) Psychometric properties of the child and parent versions of Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale in a Danish community and clinical sample. J Anxiety Disord 28:947–956

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin LH, Ho YL (2009) Confucian dynamism culture and ethical changes in Chinese societies—a comparative study of China Taiwan and Hong Kong. Int J Hum Resour Manag 20:2402–2417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bouldin P, Pratt C (1998) Utilizing parent report to investigate young children’s fears: a modification of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children—II: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 39:271–277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang W (2005) Chinese version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale—parent version. http://scaswebsite.com/docs/scas-parent-chinese.pdf

  26. Wang M, Liu L, Jin Y (2015) Parental psychological aggression and children’s anxiety: mediating role of children’s self-esteem Chinese. Chin J Clin Psychol 23:273–276

    Google Scholar 

  27. Achenbach TM, Howell CT, Quay HC, Conners CK, Bates JE (1991) National survey of problems and competencies among four-to sixteen-year-olds: parents’ reports for normative and clinical samples. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 56:1–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu L, Wang M (2015) Parenting stress and children’s problem behavior in China: the mediating role of parental psychological aggression. J Fam Psychol 29:20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marsh HW, Hau KT (1996) Assessing goodness of fit: is parsimony always desirable? J Exp Educ 64:364–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hu LT, Bentler PM (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J 6:1–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB (2002) Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model 9:233–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sawilowsky SS (2007) Real data analysis. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  33. Marsh HW, Hocevar D (1985) Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: first-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychol Bull 97:562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Meng XL, Rosenthal R, Rubin DB (1992) Comparing correlated correlation coefficients. Psychol Bull 111:172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, Lewinsohn M, Seeley JR, Allen NB (1998) Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 107:109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ginsburg GS, Silverman WK (2000) Gender role orientation and fearfulness in children with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 14:57–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Najman JM, Williams GM, Nikles J, Spence S, Bor W, O’Callaghan M, Shuttlewood GJ (2001) Bias influencing maternal reports of child behaviour and emotional state. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36:186–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571133) awarded to Meifang Wang. We are grateful to all the students, parents and teachers who participated or contributed to this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Meifang Wang or Jintong Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, M., Meng, Q., Liu, L. et al. Reliability and Validity of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale for Parents in Mainland Chinese Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 47, 830–839 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0615-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0615-2

Keywords

Navigation