Abstract
Purpose
Overweight and obesity are risk factors for several cancers; however, population-based cancer registries do not routinely collect data on body mass index (BMI). This study evaluated the utility of supplementing cancer registry data with BMI data derived from driver’s license records.
Methods
We linked self-reported height and weight data from driver’s license records to directly measured values, obtained via medical record abstraction, in a sample of 712 adult Iowa residents with cancer diagnosed during 2007–2012. Matched BMI values were subjected to a comprehensive evaluation of quantitative and categorical measures of agreement between data sources.
Results
Driver’s license issue dates preceded diagnosis dates in 60.7% of cases, with time lags ranging from 3.0 years pre-diagnosis to 2.9 years post-diagnosis. Statistical analysis of agreement between continuous BMI values and ordinal BMI categories yielded an overall intraclass correlation estimate of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77, 0.82) and an overall weighted kappa estimate of 0.63 (95% CI 0.59, 0.68), respectively. Subgroup analyses indicated reduced reliability among obesity-related cancers, particularly multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Neither measurement order nor time lag significantly affected agreement between BMI values.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that self-reported driver’s license data provide a reasonable approximation of BMI, but are less precise than interview- and questionnaire-based methods. Furthermore, the degree of bias is seemingly unaffected by measurement order and time lag, but appears to become more pronounced as BMI itself increases.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL (2020) Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 360. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD
Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K (2016) Body fatness and cancer-viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med 375(8):794–798
Sung H, Siegel RL, Rosenberg PS, Jemal A (2019) Emerging cancer trends among young adults in the USA: analysis of a population-based cancer registry. Lancet Public Health 4(3):e137–e147
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348(17):1625–1638
Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Earle ME, Mi MP (1988) Body size at different periods of life and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 128(1):137–152
Bisgard KM, Folsom AR, Hong CP, Sellers TA (1994) Mortality and cancer rates in nonrespondents to a prospective study of older women: 5-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 139(10):990–1000
Warner EL, Fluchel M, Wright J, Sweeney C, Boucher KM, Fraser A, Smith KR, Stroup AM, Kinney AY, Kirchhoff AC (2014) A population-based study of childhood cancer survivors' body mass index. J Cancer Epidemiol 2014:531958
Connor Gorber S, Tremblay M, Moher D, Gorber B (2007) A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obes Rev 8(4):307–326
McAdams MA, Van Dam RM, Hu FB (2007) Comparison of self-reported and measured BMI as correlates of disease markers in US adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(1):188–196
Yoong SL, Carey ML, D'Este C, Sanson-Fisher RW (2013) Agreement between self-reported and measured weight and height collected in general practice patients: a prospective study. BMC Med Res Methodol 13:38
Thomas J 3rd, Paulet M, Rajpura JR (2016) Consistency between self-reported and recorded values for clinical measures. Cardiol Res Pract 2016:4364761
Le Marchand L, Yoshizawa CN, Nomura AM (1988) Validation of body size information on driver's licenses. Am J Epidemiol 128(4):874–877
Ossiander EM, Emanuel I, O'Brien W, Malone K (2004) Driver's licenses as a source of data on height and weight. Econ Hum Biol 2(2):219–227
National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, Healthcare Delivery Research Program (2019) Patterns of care studies. https://healthcaredelivery.cancer.gov/poc/. Accessed 23 Sept 2019
United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service (2013) Rural-urban continuum codes. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes. Accessed 23 Sept 2019
Bland JM, Altman DG (1986) Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1(8476):307–310
Koo TK, Li MY (2016) A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med 15(2):155–163
World Health Organization (2000) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series 894. Geneva
McHugh ML (2012) Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 22(3):276–282
White H (1980) A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48(4):817–838
Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1):159–174
Allison DB, Nathan JS, Albu JB, Heymsfield SB, Duprat LJ, Pi-Sunyer FX (1998) Measurement challenges and other practical concerns when studying massively obese individuals. Int J Eat Disord 24(3):275–284
Nawaz H, Chan W, Abdulrahman M, Larson D, Katz DL (2001) Self-reported weight and height: implications for obesity research. Am J Prev Med 20(4):294–298
Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ (2002) Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Public Health Nutr 5(4):561–565
Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Jacobs EJ, McCullough ML, Patel AV, Ma J, Soerjomataram I, Flanders WD, Brawley OW, Gapstur SM, Jemal A (2018) Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin 68(1):31–54
Funding
This research was supported in part under National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Cancer Institute (NCI) Contract No. HHSN261201300020I (Task Order HHSN26100011) and by the University of Iowa Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center through NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA086862.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brumm, M.C., West, M.M., Lynch, C.F. et al. Are driver’s licenses issued within 3 years of cancer diagnosis a valid source of BMI data?. Cancer Causes Control 31, 777–786 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01318-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01318-9