A Puppet is free as long as he loves his strings.
Harris (2012).
Abstract
There is a long-standing interest in business ethics around the concept of free will, but study of its possible influence on consumer behavior is only in the nascent stage. This lack of research is particularly acute in certain consumption contexts, especially ones based on highly restricted access that appear to suggest abrogation of the will. In this paper, we offer a novel approach that involves reexamination of qualitative/ethnographic research that has chronicled consumption restrictions without consideration of potential implications for free will. Using a new reanalysis method, we show that some of what is described as “vulnerability” using other theoretical paradigms is subsumed within this domain. Findings demonstrate that a complex relationship between free will and various consumption processes and outcomes exists that is acted out within and outside licit and illicit/formal and informal markets. These restrictions allow for a different vantage point to address free will and consumption, with implications for business ethicists and researchers interested in human quality treatment or human dignity-centered business frameworks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adkins, N. R., & Ozanne, J. L. (2005). The low literate consumer. Journal of Consumer Research,25(December), 93–105.
Baker, S. M. (2006). Consumer normalcy: Understanding the value of shopping through narratives of consumers with visual impairments. Journal of Retailing,82(1), 37–50.
Baker, S. M., Hunt, D. M., & Rittenburg, T. L. (2007). Consumer vulnerability as a shared experience: Tornado recovery process in Wright, Wyoming. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing,26(1), 6–19.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentiss Hall.
Baumeister, R. F. (2008). Social reality and the hole in determinism. Journal of Consumer Psychology,18, 34–38.
Baumeister, R. F., Sparks, E. A., Stillman, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2008). Free will and consumer behavior: Self-control, ego depletion, and choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology,18, 4–13.
Bone, S. A., Christensen, G. L., & Williams, J. D. (2014). Rejected, shackled, and alone: The impact of systemic restricted choice on minority consumers’ construction of self. Journal of Consumer Research,41(2), 451–474.
Botti, S., Broniarczyk, S., Häubl, G., Hill, R., Huang, Y., Kahn, B., et al. (2008). Choice under restrictions. Marketing Letters,19, 183–199.
Bourdieu, P. (1999). The weight of the world: Social suffering in contemporary society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Chaturvedi, A., Chiu, C., & Viswanathan, M. (2009). Literacy, negotiable fate, and thinking style among low income women in India. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology,40(September), 880–893.
Chisholm, R. (2002). Human freedom and the self. In R. Kane (Ed.), Free will (pp. 47–58). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
Drascek, M., & Maticic, S. (2008). What managers could see in the philosophical block of “free will?”. Journal of Business Ethics,81, 1–14.
Fiske, S. T. (2013). “Varieties of (de)humanization: Divided by competition and status. In Objectification and dehumanization: 60th Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 52–71). New York: Springer.
Frankfurt, H. G. (1971). Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. Journal of Philosophy,68(January), 5–20.
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). Who’s in charge? Free will and the science of the brain. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Gervais, S. J., Bernard, P., Klein, O., & Allen, J. (2013). Toward a unified theory of objectification and dehumanization. In Objectification and dehumanization: 60th Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 1–24). New York: Springer.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situations of mental patients and other inmates. New York: Anchor Books.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the development of spoiled identities. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Hasnas, J. (2018). Should corporations have the right to vote? A paradox in the theory of corporate moral agency. Journal of Business Ethics,150, 657–670.
Hill, R. P. (1991). Homeless women, special possessions, and the meaning of ‘home:’ An ethnographic case study. Journal of Consumer Research,18(December), 298–310.
Hill, R. P., & Cunningham, D. (2016). Dehumanization and restriction inside a maximum security prison: Novel insights about consumer acquisition and ownership. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research,1(April), 295–313.
Hill, R., & Gaines, J. (2007). The consumer culture of poverty: behavioral research findings and their implications in an ethnographic context. Journal of American Culture, 30(March), 81–95.
Hill, R. P., Rapp, J. M., Capella, M. L., & Gentlemen, Gramercy. (2016). Antiservice as a guiding maxim: Tough lessons from a maximum security prison. Journal of Service Research,19(1), 57–71.
Hill, R. P., & Stamey, M. (1990). The homeless in America: An examination of possessions and consumption behaviors. Journal of Consumer Research,17(December), 303–321.
Hirschman, E. C., & Hill, R. P. (2000). On human commoditization and resistance: A model based upon Buchenwald concentration camp. Psychology & Marketing,17(6), 469–491.
Jahn, J., & Bruhl, R. (2018). How Friedman’s view on individual freedom relates to stakeholder theory and social contract theory. Journal of Business Ethics,153, 41–52.
Jones, J., & Middleton, K. (2007). Ethical decision-making by consumers: The roles of product harm and consumer vulnerability. Journal of Business Ethics,70, 247–264.
Kane, R. (2005). A contemporary introduction to free will. New York: Oxford.
Klein, J., & Hill, R. P. (2008). Rethinking macro-level theories of consumption: Research findings from Nazi concentration camps. Journal of Macromarketing,28(September), 228–242.
Kopytoff, I. (1986). The cultural biography of things: Commoditization as process. In A. Appadurai (Ed.), The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective (pp. 64–94). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Larsen, G., & Lawson, R. (2013). Consumer Rights: An assessment of justice. Journal of Business Ethics,112, 515–528.
Luce, M. F., Bettman, J. R., & Payne, J. W. (2001). An integrated model of tradeoff difficulty and consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Research,1, 11–35.
Mea, W., & Sims, R. (2018). Human dignity-centered business ethics: A conceptual framework for business leaders. Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3929-8.
Mele, D. (2014). “Human quality treatment:” Five organization levels. Journal of Business Ethics,120, 457–471.
Mick, D. G. (2008). Degrees of freedom of will: An essential endless question in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology,18, 17–21.
Nahmias, E., Morris, S., Nadelhoffer, T., & Turner, J. (2005). Surveying freedom: Folk intuitions about free will and moral responsibility. Philosophical Psychology,18(5), 561–584.
O’Connor, T. (2016). Free will. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/freewill/.
Ozanne, J., Hill, R., & Wright, N. (1998). Juvenile delinquents’ use of consumption as cultural resistance: implications for juvenile reform programs and public policy. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 17(Fall), 185–196.
Palmer, D., & Hedberg, T. (2013). The ethics of marketing to vulnerable populations. Journal of Business Ethics,116, 403–413.
Robertson, D., Voegtlin, C., & Maak, T. (2017). Business ethics: The promise of neuroscience. Journal of Business Ethics,144, 679–697.
Saatcioglu, B., & Ozanne, J. L. (2013). Moral habitus and status negotiation in a marginalized working-class neighborhood. Journal of Consumer Research,40(4), 692–710.
Shau, H. J., Muniz, A. M., Jr., & Arnould, E. J. (2009). How brand community practices create value. Journal of Marketing,73(September), 30–51.
Shaw, B. (2012). The moral landscape. Journal of Business Ethics,108, 411–414.
Thompson, C., Locander, W., & Pollio, H. (1989). Putting consumer experience back into consumer research: The philosophy and method of existential-phenomenology. Journal of Consumer Research,16(2), 133–146.
Usta, M., & Haubl, G. (2011). Self-regulatory strength and consumers’ relinquishment of control: When less effortful decisions are more resource depleting”. Journal of Marketing Research,48(April), 403–412.
Viswanathan, M., Rosa, J. A., & Harris, J. E. (2005). Decision making and coping of functionally illiterate consumers and some implications for marketing management. Journal of Marketing.,69, 15–31.
Viswanathan, M., Rosa, J. A., & Ruth, J. A. (2010). Exchanges in marketing systems: The case of subsistence consumer–merchants in Chennai, India. Journal of Marketing,74(3), 1–17.
Vohs, K. D., & Schooler, J. W. (2007). The value of believing in free will: Encouraging a belief in determinism encourages cheating. Psychological Science,19, 49–54.
Wegner, D. M. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge: MA, MIT University Press.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Stacey Baker, Julie Ozanne, and Madhu Viswanathan for their helpful comments ensuring that his interpretation of their research was accurate and appropriate. The guest editors and the reviewers provided excellent and helpful recommendations that significantly improved this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hill, R.P. Freedom of the Will and Consumption Restrictions. J Bus Ethics 164, 311–324 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04274-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04274-w