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Surface Energy Budget Observed for Winter Wheat in the North China Plain During a Fog–Haze Event

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Abstract

In recent winters, fog–haze events have occurred frequently over the North China Plain. To understand the characteristics of conventional meteorological conditions, the near-surface radiation balance, and the surface energy budget under different pollution levels, we analyzed data collected at an observation site in Gucheng, which is located in the Hebei province in North China, based on a campaign that ran from December 1 2016 to January 31 2017. We found that meteorological conditions with a lower wind speed, weakly unstable (stable) stratification, higher relative humidity, and lower surface pressure during the daytime (night-time) are associated with fog–haze events. On heavy pollution days (defined as days with a daily mean PM2.5 concentration > 150 μg m−3), the decrease in downward shortwave radiation (S↓) and the increase in downward longwave radiation (L↓) are significant. The mean S↓ (L↓) values on clean-air days (daily mean PM2.5 concentration < 75 μg m−3) and heavily polluted days was 222 (222) W m−2 and 124 (265) W m−2, respectively. Due to the negative (positive) radiative forcing of aerosols during the daytime (night-time), the daily maximum (night-time mean) net radiation (Rn) is negatively (positively) related to the daily mean PM2.5 concentration, the correlation coefficient between the daily maximum (night-time mean) Rn and daily mean PM2.5 concentration being − 0.47 (0.51). Diurnal variations in sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (λE) are insignificant on heavily polluted days, the mean daily maximum H (λE) is only 40 (28) W m−2 on heavily polluted days, but reaches 90 (42) W m−2 on clean-air days. Additionally, the friction velocity, standard deviation of vertical velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy on heavily polluted days are also quantified.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFC0203304), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41875013, 41275022, and 41711530223). We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their careful review and valuable comments, which led to substantial improvements in this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Changwei Liu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Zhiqiu Gao

  3. Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China

    Zhiqiu Gao & Yubin Li

  4. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA

    Chloe Y. Gao

  5. Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Zhongbo Su

  6. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China

    Xiaoye Zhang

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  1. Changwei Liu
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  2. Zhiqiu Gao
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  3. Yubin Li
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  4. Chloe Y. Gao
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Correspondence to Zhiqiu Gao.

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Liu, C., Gao, Z., Li, Y. et al. Surface Energy Budget Observed for Winter Wheat in the North China Plain During a Fog–Haze Event. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 170, 489–505 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0407-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0407-x

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