Abstract
Deficiency of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), the very rare methionine synthase reductase (CblE) and methionine synthase (CblG) defects, and the recently identified CblD-variant-1 defect are primary remethylation defects characterized by an isolated defect in methionine synthesis without methylmalonic aciduria. The clinical signs are mainly neurological, and hematological signs are seen in CblE, CblG, and CblD-variant-1 defects. Patients with neonatal or early-onset disease exhibit acute neurological distress. Infants and children have unspecific mental retardation, often with acquired microcephaly. Without appropriate therapy, they may experience acute or rapidly progressive neurological deterioration, which may be fatal. Adolescents and adults show normal development or mild developmental delay initially and then experience rapid neurological or behavioral deterioration. A few patients may have signs of subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Adults may be asymptomatic or present with isolated thromboembolism. All patients with suspected remethylation disorders should receive emergency treatment with parenteral administration of hydroxocobalamin and folate supplements combined with betaine orally. The long-term treatment of CblE, CblG, and CblD-variant-1 defects consists of parenterally administered hydroxocobalamin and orally administered folate and betaine supplements, whereas patients with MTHFR deficiency require long-term oral folate and betaine supplements. Long-term oral methionine therapy should also be considered. Early treatment may lead to a favorable outcome with developmental recovery and prevention of further neurological deterioration. In contrast, most late-treated patients have severe and irreversible neuromotor impairments. Hematological abnormalities are easily corrected.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr. Patrick Boutard, Dr. Laurent Chevret, Dr. Kumaran Deiva, Dr. Emmanuelle Gondon, Dr. Shushanik Hovhannisyan, and Dr. Philippe Sachs, the pediatricians in charge of several of these patients; and to Prof. Brian Fowler who performed the enzyme activity assays for patient 4.
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Communicated by: Viktor Kozich
Competing interest: None declared.
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-011-9397-2
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Schiff, M., Benoist, JF., Tilea, B. et al. Isolated remethylation disorders: do our treatments benefit patients?. J Inherit Metab Dis 34, 137–145 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-010-9120-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10545-010-9120-8