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Genetic diversity and population structure of sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris; Apiaceae) in the upper Midwest USA

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Abstract

Sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris), an introduced species native to Europe and Asia, grows as an aggressive weed in some areas of the upper Midwest in the United States. We are reporting genetic diversity and population structure of sickleweed populations using microsatellite markers and nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Populations showed high genetic differentiation but did not show significant geographic structure, suggesting random establishment of different genotypes at different sites was likely due to human mediated multiple introductions. Three genetic clusters revealed by microsatellite data and presence of six chlorotypes supported our hypothesis of multiple introductions. Chloroplast DNA sequence data revealed six chlorotypes nested into two main lineages suggesting at least two introductions of sickleweed in the upper Midwest. Some individuals exhibited more than two alleles at several microsatellite loci suggesting occurrence of polyploidy, which could be a post-introduction development to mitigate the inbreeding effects. High genetic variation in the introduced range attributable to multiple introductions and polyploidy may be inducing the evolution of invasiveness in sickleweed. Results of this study provide valuable insights into the evolution of sickleweed and baseline data for designing proper management practices for controlling sickleweed in the United States.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by faculty startup fund to MPN from SDSU Department of Biology and Microbiology and in part by the US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Rapid City, SD. Nepal lab alumni Sajag Adhikary, Spencer Schreier and Kenton MacArthur provided lab work assistance and useful discussion on the manuscript. We thank Carol Erickson, Teresa Y. Harris and Ryan Frickel for field assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA

    Sarbottam Piya, Madhav P. Nepal & Achal Neupane

  2. Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Rapid City, SD, 57702, USA

    Jack L. Butler

  3. Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA

    Gary E. Larson

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  1. Sarbottam Piya
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  2. Madhav P. Nepal
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  5. Achal Neupane
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Correspondence to Madhav P. Nepal.

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Piya, S., Nepal, M.P., Butler, J.L. et al. Genetic diversity and population structure of sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris; Apiaceae) in the upper Midwest USA. Biol Invasions 16, 2115–2125 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0651-z

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