Abstract
Earthquakes that have occurred in the last twenty years in the Mediterranean area have had significant economic and social impacts. Most of the economic losses of reinforced concrete (RC) frames was due to nonstructural component damage, particularly masonry infills and partitions. Therefore, the seismic behaviour of masonry infills should be reliably characterized. The main goals of this study for a more reliable loss estimation for infilled RC frames are: (i) the analysis of the inter-story drift ratio (IDR) capacity at given damage states (DSs) with the aim to define drift-based fragility functions and (ii) analyse direct losses due to infill damage following seismic events. First, a database of experimental tests performed on 1-bay, 1-story scaled RC frames infilled with clay bricks or concrete blocks is collected. Drift-based fragility curves are obtained, which depend on the infill brick materials and properties. Then, the drift capacity threshold at each DS is correlated to the in-plane response of the infill panel to directly quantify the relationship that exists among them. The influence of openings on drift capacities is also evaluated. Then, seismic losses related to infills are computed, providing expected monetary losses depending on the infill typology. The required reparation activities and their costs are also listed. The bearing of each activity and cost at each DS is explicitly evaluated. Additionally, loss functions that directly depend on IDR demand are provided, thus fusing together the damage analysis and loss analysis. Finally, a simplified formulation for loss functions is proposed for a simple, practice-oriented loss calculation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhound F, Vasconcelos G, Lourenço PB, Palha CAOF, Silva LC (2015) In-plane and out-of plane experimental characterization of RC masonry infilled frames. In: M2D-6th international conference on mechanics and materials in design, pp 427–440
Alwashali H, Torihata Y, Jin K, Maeda M (2018) Experimental observations on the in-plane behaviour of masonry wall infilled RC frames; focusing on deformation limits and backbone curve. Bull Earthq Eng 16(3):1373–1397
Angel RD, Abrams DP, Shapiro D, Uzarski J, Webster M (1994) Behavior of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills. University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station. College of Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ASCE (2013) ASCE/SEI 41-13. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston
Baggio C, Bernardini A, Colozza R, Coppari S, Corazza L, Della Bella M, Di Pasquale G, Dolce M, Goretti A, Martinelli A, Orsini G, Papa F, Zuccaro G (2007) Field manual for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures. Translation from Italian: Goretti A, Rota M, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 22868 EN-2007
Baran M, Sevil T (2010) Analytical and experimental studies on infilled RC frames. Int J Phys Sci 5(13):1981–1998
Bergami AV, Nuti C (2015) Experimental tests and global modeling of masonry infilled frames. Earthq Struct 9(2):281–303
Bertoldi SH, Decanini LD, Gavarini C (1993) Telai tamponati soggetti ad azioni sismiche, un modello semplificato: confronto sperimentale e numerico. Atti del 6 Convegno Nazionale L’ingegneria sismica in Italia, pp 815–824
B.U.R.A. (Official Journal of Regione Abruzzo) (n. 10—08/03/2017—ordinary), Price List of Public Works in Abruzzi Region, Italy (in Italian)
B.U.R.A. (Official Journal of Regione Abruzzo) (n. 10—28/10/2009—extraordinary), Updating of the regional price list for reconstruction after the April 6, 2009 earthquake (in Italian)
Calvi GM, Bolognini D (2001) Seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with weakly reinforced masonry panels. J Earthq Eng 5(02):153–185
Cardone D, Perrone G (2015) Developing fragility curves and loss functions for masonry infill walls. Earthq Struct 9(1):257–279
Cavaleri L, Di Trapani F (2014) Cyclic response of masonry infilled RC frames: experimental results and simplified modeling. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 65:224–242
CEN (2005) Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Centeno J, Ventura CE, Foo S (2008) Shake table testing of gravity load designed reinforced concrete frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls. In: The 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing
Chiou TC, Hwang SJ (2015) Tests on cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete frames with brick infill. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 44(12):1939–1958
Chiozzi A, Miranda E (2017) Fragility functions for masonry infill walls with in-plane loading. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 46(15):2831–2850
Chrysostomou CZ, Asteris PG (2012) On the in-plane properties and capacities of infilled frames. Eng Struct 41:385–402
Colangelo F (2005) Pseudo-dynamic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with non-structural brick masonry. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2005(34):1219–1241
Colangelo F (2013) Drift-sensitive non-structural damage to masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames designed to Eurocode 8. Bull Earthq Eng 11(6):2151–2176
Crisafulli FJ (1997) Seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with masonry infills. PhD Thesis, University of Canterbury
De Risi MT, Del Gaudio C, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2017). Simplified numerical modelling for hollow clay-masonry infills in RC frames under in-plane seismic loads. In: ANIDIS 2017, Pistoia
De Risi MT, Del Gaudio C, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2018) In-plane behaviour and damage assessment of masonry infills with hollow clay bricks in RC frames. Eng Struct 168:257–275
Decreto Ministeriale del (2008) Approvazione delle nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni. G.U. n. 29 del 4/2/2008 (in Italian)
Del Gaudio C, Ricci P, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2016a) Observed and predicted earthquake damage scenarios: the case study of Pettino (L’Aquila) after the 6th April 2009 event. Bull Earthq Eng 14(10):2643–2678
Del Gaudio C, De Martino G, Di Ludovico M, Manfredi G, Prota A, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2016b) Empirical fragility curves from damage data on RC buildings after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0026-1
Del Gaudio C, De Risi MT, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2017) Fragility functions for clay masonry infills in RC buildings under in-plane seismic actions. In: ANIDIS 2017, Pistoia
Dolce M, Goretti A (2015) Building damage assessment after the 2009 Abruzzi earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 13(8):2241–2264
Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2008) The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame—a deterministic assessment. Eng Struct 30(7):1991–2001
FEMA P-58, ATC—Applied Technology Council (2012b), FEMA P-58 Next-generation Seismic Performance Assessment for Buildings, vol 2—Implementation Guide, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC
Frumento S, Magenes G, Morandi P, Calvi GM (2009). Interpretation of experimental shear tests on clay brick masonry walls and evaluation of q-factors for seismic design. Research Report EUCENTRE 2009/02, IUSS Press, Pavia, ISBN: 978-88-6198-034-1
Gazić G, Sigmund V (2016) Cyclic testing of single-span weak frames with masonry infill. Građevinar 68(08):617–633
Grünthal G., (1998). Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie: vol 15—European macroseismic scale 1998. European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Luxembourg
Guidi G, da-Porto F, Dalla-Benetta M, Verlato N, Modena C (2013) Comportamento sperimentale nel piano e fuori piano di tamponamenti in muratura armata e rinforzata. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Padova
Haider S (1995) In-plane cyclic response of reinforced concrete frames with unreinforced masonry infills. PhD Thesis, Rice University
Hak S, Morandi P, Magenes G, Sullivan TJ (2012) Damage control for clay masonry infills in the design of RC frame structures. J Earthq Eng 16(sup1):1–35
Kakaletsis D (2009) Masonry infills with window openings and influence on reinforced concrete frame constructions. WIT Trans Built Environ 104:445–455
Kakaletsis D, Karayannis C (2007) Experimental investigation of infilled R/C frames with eccentric openings. Struct Eng Mech 26(3):231–250
Kakaletsis DJ, Karayannis CG (2008) Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled R/C frames under cyclic loading. J Earthq Eng 12(2):197–221
Kakaletsis DJ, Karayannis CG (2009) Experimental investigation of infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings. ACI Struct J 106(2):132
Khoshnoud HR, Marsono K (2016) Experimental study of masonry infill reinforced concrete frames with and without corner openings. Struct Eng Mech 57(4):641–656
Kyriakides MA, Billington SL (2008) Seismic retrofit of masonry-infilled non-ductile reinforced concrete frames using sprayable ductile fiber-reinforced cementitious composites. In: The 14th world conference on earthquake Engineering, Beijing
Lowes L, Li J (2011) Background document FEMA P-58/BD/3.8. 6: fragility functions for reinforced concrete moment frames. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC
Mansouri A, Marefat MS, Khanmohammadi M (2014) Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of low-shear strength masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames with deficient seismic details. Struct Design Tall Spec Build 23(15):1190–1210
Mehrabi AB, Benson Shing P, Schuller MP, Noland JL (1996) Experimental evaluation of masonry-infilled RC frames. J Struct Eng 122(3):228–237. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:3(228)
Misir IS, Ozcelik O, Girgin SC, Yucel U (2016) The behavior of infill walls in RC frames under combined bidirectional loading. J Earthq Eng 20(4):559–586
Morandi P, Hak S, Magenes G (2014). In-plane experimental response of strong masonry infills. In: 9th international masonry conference 2014, Guimaraes
Pereira MFP, Pereira MF, Ferreira JE, Lourenço PB (2011) Behavior of masonry infill panels in RC frames subjected to in plane and out of plane loads. In: 7th international conference on analytical models and new concepts in concrete and masonry structures
Petry S, Beyer K (2014) Influence of boundary conditions and size effect on the drift capacity of URM walls. Eng Struct 2014(65):76–88
Ricci P, De Risi MT, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2013) Influence of infill distribution and design typology on seismic performance of low-and mid-rise RC buildings. Bull Earthq Eng 11(5):1585–1616
Ricci P, De Risi MT, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2016) Procedures for calibration of linear models for damage limitation in design of masonry-infilled RC frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 45(8):1315–1335
Ricci P, Di Domenico M, Verderame GM (2017) Experimental assessment of the out-of-plane seismic response of URM infill walls. In: ANIDIS 2017, Pistoia
Ross SM (2003) Peirce’s criterion for the elimination of suspect experimental data. J Eng Technol 20(2):38–41
Saneinejad A, Hobbs B (1995) Inelastic design of infilled frames. J Struct Eng 121(4):634–650
Sassun K, Sullivan TJ, Morandi P, Cardone D (2016) Characterising the in-plane seismic performance of infill masonry. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng 49(1):100–117
Schwarz S, Hanaor A, Yankelevsky DZ (2015) Experimental response of reinforced concrete frames with AAC masonry infill walls to in-plane cyclic loading. In Structures, vol 3, pp 306–319
Sigmund V, Penava D (2012) Experimental study of masonry infilled R/C frames with opening. In: Proceedings of the 15WCEE, Lisbon
Stafford Smith B (1962) Lateral stiffness of infilled frames. ASCE J Struct Div 88(ST6):183–199
Stavridis A (2009) Analytical and experimental study of seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames infilled with masonry walls. University of California, San Diego
Suzuki T, Choi H, Sanada Y, Nakano Y, Matsukawa K, Paul D, Gulkan P, Binici B (2017) Experimental evaluation of the in-plane behaviour of masonry wall infilled RC frames. Bull Earthq Eng 15(10):4245–4267
Turgay T, Durmus MC, Binici B, Ozcebe G (2014) Evaluation of the predictive models for stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity of RC Frames with masonry infill walls. ASCE J Struct Eng 140(10):06014003
Velázquez-Dimas J, Quiñonez-Esquivel B, Castorena-González J, Reyes-Salazar A, González-Cuevas J, López-López D (2012) In-plane behaviour of confined masonry walls with holes retrofitted with GFRP and subjected to lateral cyclic loading. In: Proceedings of the 15th Word Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal
Verderame G.M., Ricci P., Del Gaudio C. & De Risi M.T. (2016), Experimental tests on masonry infilled gravity- and seismic-load designed RC frames, Brick and Block Masonry: Trends, Innovations and Challenges - Proceedings of the 16th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, IBMAC 2016, pp. 1349-1358
Waly (2010) Experimental and analytical work on the seismic performance of different types of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames under cyclic loading, M.sc thesis, School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Dokuz Eylül University
Zarnic R, Tomazevic M (1984) The behaviour of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames subjected to cyclic lateral loading. In: Proceedings of the 8th world conference on earthquake engineering, San Francisco, Prentice-Hall
Zhai C, Kong J, Wang X, Chen Z (2016) Experimental and finite element analytical investigation of seismic behavior of full-scale masonry infilled RC frames. J Earthquake Eng 20(7):1171–1198
Zovkic J, Sigmund V, Guljas I (2013) Cyclic testing of a single bay reinforced concrete frames with various types of masonry infill. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 42:1131–1149
Acknowledgements
This work was developed under the support of ReLUIS-DPC 2014-2018 “PR2. Strutture in cemento armato-WP6. Capacità sismica di tamponature ed interventi di rafforzamento”, funded by the Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC), and AXA Research Fund Post-Doctoral Grant “Advanced nonlinear modelling and performance assessment of masonry infills in RC buildings under seismic loads: the way forward to design or retrofitting strategies and reduction of losses”. These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Maria Teresa De Risi—beneficiary of an AXA Research Fund postdoctoral grant.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Del Gaudio, C., De Risi, M.T., Ricci, P. et al. Empirical drift-fragility functions and loss estimation for infills in reinforced concrete frames under seismic loading. Bull Earthquake Eng 17, 1285–1330 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0501-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0501-y