Abstract
During the Nepal Gorkha Mw7.8 earthquake, the two-storey stone masonry buildings experienced the most severe damage among all structural types in the seismically affected areas. However, this type of construction will continue to be used in the vast areas of the Himalayan belt due to the less developed economies and limited access to cement and steel. The experimental verification of different reinforcement techniques applicable in these areas is urgently needed. In this paper, three scaled two-storey stone masonry houses with timber floors were tested on a shake table under various seismic scenarios to verify the effects of reinforcement techniques using timber laces and gabion wires. The seismic performances of the models with and without reinforcement were evaluated and compared through crack pattern development, the structural damage and failure modes, and the changes in dynamic characteristics. The experimental results are presented, analysed and discussed. The un-reinforced two-storey model completely failed at a PGA of 0.4 g; while the model strengthened with timber laces experienced only local failure at a PGA of 0.51 g, and the reinforced model using both timber laces and gabion wires remained intact with limited damage at a PGA of 0.92 g. This research confirmed that the seismic performance of two-storey stone masonry structures could be substantially improved when inexpensive and easy-to-implement reinforcement techniques using local materials were utilized.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aykaç B et al (2017) Seismic strengthening of infill walls with perforated steel plates. Eng Struct 152:168–179
Borri A et al (2011) Shear behavior of unreinforced and reinforced masonry panels subjected to in situ diagonal compression tests. Constr Build Mater 25(2011):4403–4414
Carozzi FG et al (2018) Ancient masonry arches and vaults strengthened with TRM, SRG and FRP composites: experimental evaluation. Compos Struct 187:466–480
Corradia M et al (2002) Strengthening techniques tested on masonry structures struck by the Umbria–Marche earthquake of 1997–1998. Constr Build Mater 16(2002):229–239
Gams M et al (2017) Seismic strengthening of brick masonry by composite coatings: an experimental study. Bull Earthq Eng 15:4269–4298
Khan HA et al (2017) In-plane strength of masonry panel strengthened with geosynthetic. Constr Build Mater 156:351–361
Mouzakis C et al (2018) Seismic behaviour of timber-laced stone masonry buildings before and after interventions: shaking table tests on a two-storey masonry model. Bull Earthq Eng 2018(16):803–829
Oskouei AV et al (2018) Effect of different retrofitting techniques on in-plane behavior of masonry wallettes. Constr Build Mater 169:578–590
Parghi A, Alam MS (2018) A review on the application of sprayed-FRP composites for strengthening of concrete and masonry structures in the construction sector. Compos Struct 187:518–534
Pourfalah S et al (2018) Enhancing the out-of-plane performance of masonry walls using engineered cementitious composite. Compos B 140:108–122
Santis SD et al (2018) Full-scale tests on masonry vaults strengthened with Steel Reinforced Grout. Compos B 141:20–36
Shabdin M et al (2018) Experimental diagonal tension (shear) test of Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) walls strengthened with textile reinforced mortar (TRM). Constr Build Mater 164:704–715
Silva B et al (2014) Experimental assessment of in-plane behaviour of three-leaf stone masonry walls. Constr Build Mater 53(2014):149–161
Sisti R et al (2016) An experimental study on the influence of composite materials used to reinforce masonry ring beams. Constr Build Mater 122(2016):231–241
Uranjek M et al (2012) In situ tests and seismic assessment of a stone-masonry building. Mater Struct 2012(45):861–879
Wang M et al (2018) In-plane cyclic tests of seismic retrofits of rubble-stone masonry walls. Bull Earthq Eng 16:1941–1959
Acknowledgements
The research for this article was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41671503 and 51708329) and International Center for Collaborative Research on Disaster Risk Reduction (ICCR-DRR) (Grant RETROFIT PROJECT). The financial support is highly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, M., Liu, K., Guragain, R. et al. Shake table tests on the two-storey dry-joint stone masonry structures reinforced with timber laces and steel wires. Bull Earthquake Eng 17, 2199–2218 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00528-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00528-6