Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Post-deployment Mental Health Screening: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Population-based post-deployment screening programs within the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs have been implemented to assess for mental health conditions and traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the literature on post-deployment screening within this context and evaluate evidence compared to commonly accepted screening implementation criteria. Findings reflected highly variable psychometric properties of the various screens, variable treatment referral rates following screening, low to moderate treatment initiation rates following screening, and no information on treatment completion or long-term outcomes following screening. In sum, the evidence supporting population based post-deployment screening is inconclusive. Implications are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. mental health screen* AND OEF/OIF; post-deployment screen*; VA mental health screen*; VHA mental health screen*; DoD mental health screen*; depress* screen* AND OEF/OIF; depress* screen* AND VA; depress* screen* AND VHA; depress* screen* AND DoD; PTSD screen* AND OEF/OIF; PTSD screen* AND VA; PTSD screen* AND VHA; PTSD screen* AND DoD; TBI screen* AND OEF/OIF; TBI screen* AND VA; TBI screen* AND VHA; TBI screen* AND DoD; alcohol screen* AND OEF/OIF; alcohol screen* AND VA; alcohol screen* AND VHA; alcohol screen* AND DoD.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5). Washington: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Arroll, B., Goodyear-Smith, F., Crengle, S., Gunn, J., Kerse, N., Fishman, T., … Hatcher, S. (2010). Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population. The Annals of Family Medicine, 8(4), 348–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belanger, H. G., Vanderploeg, R. D., & Sayer, N. (2016). Screening for remote history of mild traumatic brain injury in VHA: A critical literature review. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(3), 204–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bliese, P., Wright, K., Adler, A., Hoge, C., & Prayner, R. (2005). Post-deployment psychological screening: Interpreting and scoring DD Form 2900. US Army Medical Research Unit-Europe Research Report, 3.

  • Bliese, P. D., Wright, K., Adler, A. B., & Thomas, J. (2004). Validation of the 90 to 120 day post-deployment psychological short screen (U.S. Army Medical Research Unit—Europe Report No. 2004–002). Heidelberg: USAMRU-E.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., et al. (2008). Validating the primary care posttraumatic stress disorder screen and the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist with soldiers returning from combat. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 272–281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, K. A., Chavez, L. J., Lapham, G. T., Williams, E. C., Achtmeyer, C. E., Rubinsky, A. D., … Kivlahan, D. R. (2013). When quality indicators undermine quality: Bias in a quality indicator of follow-up for alcohol misuse. Psychiatric Services, 64(10), 1018–1025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, K. A., DeBenedetti, A. F., Volk, R. J., et al. (2007). AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(7), 1208–1217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, P. S., McDonald, S. D., Guerra, V. S., Eggleston, A. M., Beckham, J. C., Straits-Troster, K., & Mid-Atlantic, V. A., MIRECC OEF/OIF Registry Workgroup. (2010). Clinical utility of the primary care-PTSD screen among US veterans who served since September 11, 2001. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 330–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, K. F., Nelson, D., Orazem, R. J., Nugent, S., Cifu, D. X., & Sayer, N. A. (2010). Psychiatric diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans screened for deployment-related traumatic brain injury. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(1), 17–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, E. F., Fulton, J. J., Swinkels, C. M., Beckham, J. C., Calhoun, P. S., & Mid-Atlantic, V. A., MIRECC OEF/OIF Registry Workgroup. (2013). Diagnostic efficiency of the AUDIT-C in US veterans with military service since September 11, 2001. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(1), 101–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denneson, L. M., Corson, K., Helmer, D. A., Bair, M. J., & Dobscha, S. K. (2014). Mental health utilization of new-to-care Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans following suicidal ideation assessment. Psychiatry Research, 217(3), 147–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015). Analysis of VA Health Care Utilization among Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) Veterans. http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/epidemiology/healthcare-utilization-report-fy2015-qtr2.pdf. Accessed 11 May 2016.

  • Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. (2009). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of major depressive disorder (MDD). Washington, DC: Office of Quality and Performance, VA and Quality Management Directorate, United States Army MEDCOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. (2010). VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines for management of post-traumatic stress. Washington, DC: Office of Quality and Safety, VA and Quality Management Division, United States ArmyMEDCOM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. (2015). VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of substance use disorders. Washington, DC: Office of Quality, Safety and Value, VHA and Office of Evidence Based Practice, US Army Medical Command

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobscha, S. K., Corson, K., Helmer, D. A., Bair, M. J., Denneson, L. M., Brandt, C., … Ganzini, L. (2013). Brief assessment for suicidal ideation in OEF/OIF veterans with positive depression screens. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35(3), 272–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, K. T., Donnelly, J. P., Dunnam, M., Warner, G. C., Kittleson, C. J., Constance, J. E., … Alt, M. (2011). Reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the VA traumatic brain injury screening tool. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 26(6), 439–453.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen, S. V., Schultz, M. R., Vogt, D., Glickman, M. E., Elwy, A. R., Drainoni, M. L., … Martin, J. (2012). Mental and physical health status and alcohol and drug use following return from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S1), S66–S73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C. T., Andre, J. R., Pape, T. L., Steiner, M. L., Stroupe, K. T., Hogan, T. P., Weaver, F. M., Smith, B. M. (2013). An evaluation of the Veterans Affairs traumatic brain injury screening process among Operation Enduring Freedom and/or Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans. PM&R, 5(3), 210–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortier, C. B., Amick, M. M., Kenna, A., Milberg, W. P., & McGlinchey, R. E. (2015). Correspondence of the Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime (BAT-L) clinical interview and the VA TBI screen. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(1), E1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grossbard, J., Malte, C. A., Lapham, G., Pagulayan, K., Turner, A. P., Rubinsky, A. D., … Hawkins, E. J. (2017). Prevalence of alcohol misuse and follow-up care in a national sample of OEF/OIF VA patients with and without TBI. Psychiatric Services, 68(1), 48–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossbard, J. R., Hawkins, E. J., Lapham, G. T., Williams, E. C., Rubinsky, A. D., Simpson, T. L., … Bradley, K. A. (2013). Follow-up care for alcohol misuse among OEF/OIF veterans with and without alcohol use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 45(5), 409–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, S. C., Hoyt, T. V., Jones, M. D., Etherage, J. R., & Okiishi, J. C. (2012). Postdeployment mental health screening: an application of the Soldier Adaptation Model. Military Medicine, 177(4), 366–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R., Sawaya, G. F., Moyer, V. A., & Calonge, N. (2011). Reconsidering the criteria for evaluating proposed screening programs: Reflections from 4 current and former members of the US Preventive services task force. Epidemiologic Reviews, 33(1), 20–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, E. J., Lapham, G. T., Kivlahan, D. R., & Bradley, K. A. (2010). Recognition and management of alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF and other veterans in the VA: A cross-sectional study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109(1), 147–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, A. M., Amara, J., Baker, E., Charns, M. P., Gardner, J. A., Iverson, K. M., Kimerling, R., Krengel, M., Meterko, M., Pogoda, T. K., & Stolzmann, K. L. (2013). Screening for mild traumatic brain injury in OEF-OIF deployed US military: An empirical assessment of VHA’s experience. Brain Injury, 27(2), 125 – 34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Jama, 295(9), 1023–1032.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoggatt, K. J., Jamison, A. L., Lehavot, K., Cucciare, M. A., Timko, C., & Simpson, T. L. (2015). Alcohol and drug misuse, abuse, and dependence in women veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews, 37(1), 23–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joffres, M., Jaramillo, A., Dickinson, J., Lewin, G., Pottie, K., & Shaw, E. … Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. (2013). Recommendations on screening for depression in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(9), 775–782.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., & Wang, P. S. (2009). The epidemiology of depression. In I. H. Gotlib & C. L. Hammen (Eds.), Handbook of depression, vol. 2 (pp. 5–22). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2003). The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care, 41(11), 1284–1292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, M. J., Mohr, B. A., Adams, R. S., Wooten, N. R., & Williams, T. V. (2014). Missed opportunity for alcohol problem prevention among Army active duty service members postdeployment. American Journal of Public Health, 104(8), 1402–1412.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, M. W., Duckart, J. P., O’Malley, J. P., & Dobscha, S. K. (2011). Correlates of utilization of PTSD specialty treatment among recently diagnosed veterans at the VA. Psychiatric Services, 62(8), 943–949.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luxton, D. D., Skopp, N. A., & Maguen, S. (2010). Gender differences in depression and PTSD symptoms following combat exposure. Depression and Anxiety, 27(11), 1027–1033.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguen, S., Lau, K. M., Madden, E., & Seal, K. (2012a). Relationship of screen-based symptoms for mild traumatic brain injury and mental health problems in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: Distinct or overlapping symptoms? Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49(7), 1115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguen, S., Lau, K. M., Madden, E., & Seal, K. (2012b). Factors associated with completing comprehensive traumatic brain injury evaluation. Military Medicine, 177(7), 797.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguen, S., Madden, E., Lau, K. M., & Seal, K. (2012). The impact of head injury mechanism on mental health symptoms in veterans: Do number and type of exposures matter? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(1), 3–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maguen, S., Madden, E., Lau, K. M., & Seal, K. H. (2013). Service utilization among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans screening positive for traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30(13), 1123–1128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. B. (2007). Routine screening and referrals for PTSD after returning from Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2005, US Armed Forces. MSMR: Medical Surveillance Monthly Report, 14(6), 2–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas, K. R., & McClair, V. L. (2012). Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Human Genetics, 131(6), 779–789.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Milliken, C. S., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of mental health problems among active and reserve component soldiers returning from the Iraq war. Jama, 298(18), 2141–2148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6(7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer, V. A. (2013). Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(3), 210–218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Collaborating Center for Mental Health. (2010). The NICE guideline on the management and treatment of depression in adults (Updated edition). Manchester: NICE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polusny, M. A., Kehle, S. M., Nelson, N. W., Erbes, C. R., Arbisi, P. A., & Thuras, P. (2011). Longitudinal effects of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity on postdeployment outcomes in national guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(1), 79–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prins, A., Ouimette, P., Kimerling, R., et al. (2003). The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): Development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry, 9, 9–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., & Frazier, P. (2014). Reintegration challenges in U.S service members and veterans following combat deployment. Social Issues and Policy Research, 8, 33–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, N. A., Nelson, D., & Nugent, S. (2011). Evaluation of the Veterans Health Administration traumatic brain injury screening program in the upper Midwest. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 26(6), 454–467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, N. A., Noorbaloochi, S., Frazier, P., Carlson, K., Gravely, A., & Murdoch, M. (2010). Reintegration problems and treatment interests among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans receiving VA medical care. Psychiatric Services, 61(6), 589–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, A. I., Braver, E. R., & Kang, H. K. (2008). Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(12), 1446–1452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, K. A., Ivins, B., Cramer, G., et al. (2007). Screening for traumatic brain injury in troops returning from deployment in Afghanistan and Iraq: Initial investigation of the usefulness of a short screening tool for traumatic brain injury. The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 22(6), 377–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, K. H., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., Gima, K., Chu, A., & Marmar, C. R. (2008). Getting beyond “Don’t ask; don’t tell”: an evaluation of US Veterans Administration postdeployment mental health screening of veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. American Journal of Public Health, 98(4), 714–720.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, K. H., Cohen, G., Waldrop, A., Cohen, B. E., Maguen, S., & Ren, L. (2011). Substance use disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in VA healthcare, 2001–2010: Implications for screening, diagnosis and treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116(1), 93–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002–2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1651–1658.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sherriff, R., Best, L., & Roderick, P. (1998). Population screening in the NHS: A systematic pathway from evidence to policy formulation. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 20, 58–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiner, B., Tang, C., Trapp, A. C., Konrad, R., Bar-On, I., & Watts, B. V. (2014). The provision of mental health treatment after screening: Exploring the relationship between treatment setting and treatment intensity. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(6), 581–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigford, B. J. (2008). To care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan (Abraham Lincoln): The Department of Veterans Affairs polytrauma system of care. Archieves of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 89(1), 160–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siu, A. L., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Grossman, D. C., Baumann, L. C., Davidson, K. W., Ebell, M., … Krist, A. H. (2016). Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Jama, 315(4), 380–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stroupe, K. T., Smith, B. M., Hogan, T. P., et al. (2013). Healthcare utilization and costs of Veterans screened and assessed for traumatic brain injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 50(8), 1047–1068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanielian, T., & Jaycox, L. H. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Center for Military Health Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrio, H. P., Nelson, L. A., Betthauser, L. M., Harwood, J. E., & Brenner, L. A. (2011). Postdeployment traumatic brain injury screening questions: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in returning soldiers. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56(1), 26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thombs, B. D., & Ziegelstein, R. C. (2014). Does depression screening improve depression outcomes in primary care? BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 348, g1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thombs, B. D., Ziegelstein, R. C., Roseman, M., Kloda, L. A., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2014). There are no randomized controlled trials that support the United States Preventive Services Task Force guideline on screening for depression in primary care: A systematic review. BMC Medicine, 12(1), 13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2015). Procedure manual.

  • Valenstein, M., Vijan, S., Zeber, J. E., Boehm, K., & Buttar, A. (2001). The cost–utility of screening for depression in primary care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(5), 345–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderploeg, R. D., & Belanger, H. G. (2013). Screening for a remote history of mild traumatic brain injury: When a good idea is bad. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(3), 211–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderploeg, R. D., & Belanger, H. G. (2016). Stability and validity of the VA’s TBI Clinical Reminder Screen. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(5), E29–E39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanneman, M. E., Harris, A. H., Chen, C., Adams, R. S., Williams, T. V., & Larson, M. J. (2017). Postdeployment Behavioral Health Screens and Linkage to the Veterans Health Administration for Army Reserve Component Members. Psychiatric Services, appi-ps.

  • Veterans Health Administration. (2004). Iraq & Afghan Post-Deployment Screen.

  • Veterans Health Administration. (2007). Iraq & Afghan Post-Deployment Screen.

  • Warner, C. H., Appenzeller, G. N., Grieger, T., Belenkiy, S., Breitbach, J., Parker, J., Warner, C. M., & Hoge, C. (2011). Importance of anonymity to encourage honest reporting in mental health screening after combat deployment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(10), 1065–1071.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilk, J. E., Herrell, R. K., Wynn, G. H., Riviere, L. A., & Hoge, C. W. (2012). Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion), posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in US soldiers involved in combat deployments: Association with postdeployment symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(3), 249–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. L., McDevitt-Murphy, M. E., Murphy, J. G., & Crouse, E. M. (2017). Postconcussive symptoms, PTSD, and medical disease burden in treatment-seeking OEF/OIF/OND Veterans. Military Medicine, 182(3–4), e1645–e1650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. M. G., & Jungner, G. (1968). Principles and practice of screening for disease. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/4/07-050112BP.pdf. Accessed 11 Feb 2016.

  • Wright, K. M., Bliese, P. D., Thomas, J. L., Adler, A. B., Eckford, R. D., & Hoge, C. W. (2008). Contrasting approaches to psychological screening with U.S. combat soldiers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 965–975

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Services Research and Development (HSR and D) Polytrauma and Blast-Related Injuries Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (PT/BRI QUERI) (PLY 05-184) and National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR) [90AR5017 (formerly H133P130009)]. The content of this article presents the findings and conclusions of the authors and does not necessarily represent the VA or HSR and D.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. HSR&D Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (CINDRR), James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, 8900 Grand Oak Circle, 104B, Tampa, FL, 33637, USA

    Vanessa Panaite, Racine Brown, Gail Powell-Cope & Heather G. Belanger

  2. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Michelle Henry

  3. Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, James A. Haley VA, Tampa, FL, USA

    Amanda Garcia, Rodney D. Vanderploeg & Heather G. Belanger

  4. Departments of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Vanessa Panaite & Rodney D. Vanderploeg

  5. Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

    Rodney D. Vanderploeg & Heather G. Belanger

  6. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Tampa, FL, USA

    Rodney D. Vanderploeg & Heather G. Belanger

Authors
  1. Vanessa Panaite
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Racine Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michelle Henry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amanda Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gail Powell-Cope
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rodney D. Vanderploeg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Heather G. Belanger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vanessa Panaite.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research Involving with Animal and Human Participants

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Panaite, V., Brown, R., Henry, M. et al. Post-deployment Mental Health Screening: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions. Adm Policy Ment Health 45, 850–875 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-0869-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-018-0869-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation