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Using Bloodmeal Analysis to Assess Disease Risk to Wildlife at the New Northern Limit of a Mosquito Species

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Abstract

The historically southeastern mosquito species Culex erraticus has over the last 30 years undergone a marked expansion north. We evaluated this species’ potential to participate in local disease cycles in the northeastern USA by identifying the vertebrate sources of blood in Cx. erraticus specimens from New Jersey. We found that the majority of bloodmeals (92.6%) were derived from birds, followed by 6.8% from mammals (of which half were human), and a single amphibian bloodmeal from a spring peeper (0.56%). Medium- and large-sized water birds from the order Pelecaniformes made up 60.4% of the bird species and 55.9% of all identified hosts. This group of birds is known enzootic hosts of arboviruses such as eastern equine encephalitis virus, for which Cx. erraticus is a competent vector. Additionally, we screened blooded mosquitoes for avian malaria parasites and identified three different lineages of Plasmodium, including what may represent a new Plasmodium species (likely a wetland bird specialist) in bloodmeals from Green Herons, a Great Egret, and a Double-Crested Cormorant. Our results support the utility of mosquito bloodmeals as sources of information about circulating wildlife pathogens and reveal the potential of range-expanding species to intensify local zoonoses and bridge enzootic pathogens to humans.

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to the dedicated staff of Atlantic County Mosquito Control, Cape May Mosquito Control, Mercer County Mosquito Control, and Salem County Mosquito Control for assistance with blooded mosquito collections. We also thank Prof. Robert Ricklefs for information on primers to ID and sequence bird Plasmodium; Chenoa de Freece for laboratory work and Dr. Lisa Reed for maintaining the Center for Vector Biology’s vector surveillance reports http://vectorbio.rutgers.edu/reports/vector/made possible by data provided weekly by the 21 NJ mosquito control programs and funded by the NJ State Mosquito Control Commission.

Funding

This research was supported by Multistate NE-1043 to DMF.

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Author notes

  1. Holly Vuong

    Present address: National Youth Science Forum, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia

  2. Kelly I. Zimmerman

    Present address: Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA

  3. Ary Faraji

    Present address: Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, UT, 84116, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA

    Andrea Egizi, Holly Vuong, Kelly I. Zimmerman, Ary Faraji & Dina M. Fonseca

  2. Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, Tinton Falls, NJ, 07724, USA

    Andrea Egizi

  3. Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA

    Ellen S. Martinsen & Dina M. Fonseca

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Egizi, A., Martinsen, E.S., Vuong, H. et al. Using Bloodmeal Analysis to Assess Disease Risk to Wildlife at the New Northern Limit of a Mosquito Species. EcoHealth 15, 543–554 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1371-0

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