Skip to main content
Log in

Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Epidemiologie zur Morbidität und Mortalität

Diabetes and cardiovascular complications

  • Themenschwerpunkt
  • Published:
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing dramatically. Currently, 800,000 patients are suffering from diabetes mellitus in Austria. Chronic hyperglycemia results in micro- and macrovascular complications, which reduce life expectancy up to 8 years. Furthermore, diabetes is among the most important risk factors for premature atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. The incidence of coronary artery disease in diabetics is relatively high with about 146 cases per 10,000 patient years. Apart, it could be demonstrated that the presence of diabetes mellitus worsens the prognosis after an acute coronary syndrome. Considering ischemic stroke, the situation is nearly the same, as it is known that diabetes mellitus increases the risk for ischemic stroke events up to 5 times. Beside the macrovascular complications, microvascular complications like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy also play a critical role. Retinopathy can be detected in nearly every patient after a diabetes duration of 20 years. Diabetic nephropathy, which is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, accounts for 19% of end stage renal disease. Microalbuminuria, which is an early marker of diabetic nephropathy, can be found in 30% of the patients after 10 years of diabetes. Due to the severity of the diabetic complications an early intensified antidiabetic treatment is highly important for the prevention of micro- and macrovascular events.

Zusammenfassung

Übergewicht und Diabetes mellitus haben sich weltweit zu einer massiven Pandemie entwickelt. Dementsprechend ist auch in Österreich die Zahl der an Diabetes mellitus erkrankten Patienten mit etwa 800.000 relativ hoch. Die Hyperglykämie bewirkt zahlreiche mikro- und makrovaskuläre Spätkomplikationen, welche im Mittel zu einem Verlust von 7 bis 8 Lebensjahren führen. Diabetes gilt als wichtiger Risikofaktor für prämature Atherosklerose und koronare Herzkrankheit. Die Inzidenz kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen liegt bei etwa 146 Fällen pro 10.000 Patienten-Jahren. Darüber hinaus konnte bewiesen werden, dass an Diabetes mellitus erkrankten Patienten nach einem akuten Koronarsyndrom ein wesentlich schlechteres Outcome als vorher gesunde Patienten haben. Analog zum kardialen Risiko, erhöht das Vorliegen eines Diabetes mellitus das Risiko einen ischämischen Insult zu erleiden um das 2- bis 5-fache. Abgesehen von kardiovaskulären Komplikationen haben auch die mikrovaskulären Komplikationen wie die diabetische Retinopathie, die diabetischen Nephropathie und die diabetische Neuropathie dramatische Folgen. Generell kann man davon ausgehen, dass nach 20 Jahren Diabetesdauer bei fast jedem Patienten eine diabetische Retinopathie diagnostiziert werden kann. Nach 10 Jahren Diabetesdauer leiden bereits 30 % der Patienten unter einer Albuminurie, ein Risikomarker für die diabetische Nephropathie, welche mit etwa 19 % die häufigste Ursache des terminalen Nierenversagens darstellt. Aufgrund der Schwere der diabetischen Spätkomplikationen ist daher eine möglichst aggressive Therapie im Sinne einer multifaktoriellen Intervention (Glykämie, Lipide und Blutdruck) anzustreben.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet, 366: 1197–1209, 2005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 27: 1047–1053, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipscombe LL, Hux JE. Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995–2005: a population-based study. Lancet, 369: 750–756, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berger B, Stenstrom G, Chang YF, Sundkvist G. The prevalence of diabetes in a Swedish population of 280,411 inhabitants. A report from the Skaraborg Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care, 21: 546–548, 1998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirehn AB, Karlsson HM, Carstensen JM. Estimating disease prevalence using a population-based administrative healthcare database. Scand J Public Health, 35: 424–431, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 339: 229–234, 1998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson B. Revealing the cost of Type II diabetes in Europe. Diabetologia, 45: S5–S12, 2002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care, 21: 1414–1431, 1998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folsom AR, Rasmussen ML, Chambless LE, et al. Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribution, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Diabetes Care, 22: 1077–1083, 1999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kothari V, Stevens RJ, Adler AI, et al. UKPDS 60: risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes estimated by the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine. Stroke, 33: 1776–1781, 2002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuomilehto J, Rastenyte D, Jousilahti P, Sarti C, Vartiainen E. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for death from stroke. Prospective study of the middle-aged Finnish population. Stroke, 27: 210–215, 1996

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panzram G, Zabel-Langhennig R. Prognosis of diabetes mellitus in a geographically defined population. Diabetologia, 20: 587–591, 1981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider H, Lischinski M, Jutzi E. Survival of diabetic patients at 30-year follow-up with reference to a closed population. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena), 87: 323–327, 1993

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balkau B, Pyorala M, Shipley M, et al. Non-cardiovascular disease mortality and diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 350: 1680, 1997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 358: 580–591, 2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CL, Currie CJ, Peters JR. Relationship between diabetes and mortality: a population study using record linkage. Diabetes Care, 23: 1103–1107, 2000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD, et al. Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetologia, 46: 760–765, 2003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson AD, Rutledge BN, Cleary PA, Lachin JM, Crow RS. The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on resting heart rate in type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study. Diabetes Care, 30: 2107–2112, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox CS, Coady S, Sorlie PD, et al. Trends in cardiovascular complications of diabetes. JAMA, 292: 2495–2499, 2004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Kober L, et al. Diabetes patients requiring glucose-lowering therapy and nondiabetics with a prior myocardial infarction carry the same cardiovascular risk: a population study of 3.3 million people. Circulation, 117: 1945–1954, 2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth GL, Kapral MK, Fung K, Tu JV. Relation between age and cardiovascular disease in men and women with diabetes compared with non-diabetic people: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 368: 29–36, 2006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mak KH, Moliterno DJ, Granger CB, et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on clinical outcome in the thrombolytic era of acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol, 30: 171–179, 1997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cubbon RM, Rajwani A, Abbas A, et al. Hyperglycaemia, in relation to sex, and mortality after acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 14: 666–671, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saely CH, Drexel H, Sourij H, et al. Key role of postchallenge hyperglycemia for the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis: an angiographic study. Atherosclerosis, 199: 317–322, 2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beks PJ, Mackaay AJ, de Neeling JN, de Vries H, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Peripheral arterial disease in relation to glycaemic level in an elderly Caucasian population: the Hoorn study. Diabetologia, 38: 86–96, 1995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton AJ, Kirsner RS, Vileikyte L. Clinical practice. Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. N Engl J Med, 351: 48–55, 2004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulton AJ, Malik RA, Arezzo JC, Sosenko JM. Diabetic somatic neuropathies. Diabetes Care, 27: 1458–1486, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiber GE, Vileikyte L, Boyko EJ, et al. Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care, 22: 157–162, 1999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh N, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA. Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. JAMA, 293: 217–228, 2005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall SM, Flyvbjerg A. Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes. BMJ, 333: 475–480, 2006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen FA, Al-Khader AA. Epidemiology and causes of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 16: 277–281, 2005

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roderick P. Epidemiology of end-stage renal disease. Clin Med, 2: 200–204, 2002

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fioretto P, Caramori ML, Mauer M. The kidney in diabetes: dynamic pathways of injury and repair. The Camillo Golgi Lecture 2007. Diabetologia, 51: 1347–1355, 2008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. The need for early predictors of diabetic nephropathy risk: is albumin excretion rate sufficient? Diabetes, 49: 1399–1408, 2000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forsblom CM, Groop PH, Ekstrand A, Groop LC. Predictive value of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes of long duration. BMJ, 305: 1051–1053, 1992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Silva KH, Finkelstein DM, Warram JH, Krolewski AS. Regression of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 348: 2285–2293, 2003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaede P, Tarnow L, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Remission to normoalbuminuria during multifactorial treatment preserveskidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 19: 2784–2788, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Candrilli SD, Davis KL, Kan HJ, Lucero MA, Rousculp MD. Prevalence and the associated burden of illness of symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Complications, 21: 306–314, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg EW, Sorlie P, Paulose-Ram R, et al. Prevalence of lower-extremity disease in the US adult population ≥40 years of age with and without diabetes: 1999–2000 national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes Care, 27: 1591–1597, 2004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys Ther, 88: 1254–1264, 2008

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation, 115: 387–397, 2007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care, 26: 1553–1579, 2003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler GK, Bonyhay I, Failing H, Waring E, Dotson S, Freeman R. Antecedent hypoglycemia impairs autonomic cardiovascular function: implications for rigorous glycemic control. Diabetes, 58: 360–366, 2009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Clodi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Resl, M., Clodi, M. Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen. Wien Med Wochenschr 160, 3–7 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-010-0744-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-010-0744-y

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation