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Evaluation of the Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Yield and Quality Parameters of Tomato Plants in Organic Agriculture by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Bewertung der Auswirkungen von pflanzenwachstumsfördernden Rhizobakterien (PGPR) auf Ertrags- und Qualitätsparameter von Tomatenpflanzen im ökologischen Landbau mittels Hauptkomponentenanalyse

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Abstract

Our research was carried out to determine the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the yield and quality parameters of tomato plants in organic farming conditions. In our study, Bacillus megaterium M‑3, Paenibacillus polymxa, Burkholderia cepacia, Azospirillum sp-245 bacterial strains were applied by three different applications methods such as to the soil, root region and leaves. The research was carried out as field experiment in 37 plots and 10 plants per plot. As a result of the study, it was determined that different PGPR applications significantly affect the yield and quality parameters of tomato plant in organic agriculture. When the results were evaluated, the highest yield was obtained as 1533 kg da−1 with foliar application of B. megaterium M‑3 bacteria. B. megaterium M‑3 bacteria application to leaves increased that yield by about 20% compared to the control. It was determined that the bacteria applications did not have any significant effect on fruit size, fruit width and fruit weight. However, PGPR applications increased the amount of plant nutrients in the leaf, and pH, soluble solid contents (SSC), the rate of titratable acidity and the vitamin C values in the fruit. In conclusion, some PGPR bacteria as B. megaterium M‑3, P. polymxa, B. cepacia, A. sp-245 increased the yield of the product and have a positive effect on quality parameters. As a result of the PCA (principal component analysis), PC1 alone explained 35% of the total variance and PC2 explained 24%. PC1 was found to be associated with soluble solid matter, vitamin C, titratable acidity, pH and EC, PC2 was found to be fruit yield and marketable yield, and PC3 was found to be scrap yield and marketable yield ratio.

Zusammenfassung

Unsere Forschung wurde durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von pflanzenwachstumsfördernden Bakterien (plants growth promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) auf die Ertrags- und Qualitätsparameter von Tomatenpflanzen im ökologischen Landbau zu untersuchen. In unserer Studie wurden verschiedene Bakterienstämme (Bacillus megaterium M‑3, Paenibacillus polymxa, Burkholderia cepacia und Azospirillum sp-245) in drei verschiedenen Applikationsmethoden getestet (Boden, Wurzelregion und Blätter). Die Forschung wurde als Feldversuch mit 37 Parzellen und 10 Pflanzen pro Parzelle durchgeführt. Als Ergebnis der Studie wurde festgestellt, dass verschiedene PGPR-Anwendungen den Ertrag und die Qualitätsparameter von Tomatenpflanzen im ökologischen Landbau signifikant beeinflussen. Bei Auswertung der Ergebnisse wurde der höchste Tomatenertrag mit 1533 kg da−1 bei Blattapplikation von B. megaterium M‑3-Bakterien erzielt, was einer Ertragszunahme von 20 % im Vergleich zur Kontrolle entsprach. Die Bakterienanwendungen hatten keinen signifikanten Effekt auf Fruchtgröße, Fruchtbreite und Fruchtgewicht. PGPR-Anwendungen erhöhten jedoch die Konzentration an Pflanzennährstoffen im Blatt, den pH-Wert, den Gehalt an löslichen Feststoffen, die Konzentration titrierbarer Säure und den Vitamin-C-Gehalt in den Früchten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass einige PGPR-Bakterien, wie B. megaterium M‑3, P. polymxa, B. cepacian und A. sp-245, den Tomatenertrag erhöhten und sich positiv auf die Qualitätsparameter auswirkten. Als Ergebnis der Hauptkomponentenanalyse (principal component analysis, PCA) erklärte PC1 allein 35 % der Gesamtvarianz und PC2 24 %. Es wurde festgestellt, dass PC1 mit löslichen Feststoffen, Vitamin C, titrierbarer Säure, pH-Wert und elektrischer Leitfähigkeit assoziiert ist, PC2 mit dem Fruchtertrag und dem marktfähigen Ertrag und PC3 mit dem Ausschuss und der marktfähigen Renditenquote.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Erciyes University BAP (FYL-2017-7209) for providing financial support in conducting this study. We also thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Erman Beyzi, for the PCA used in the study.

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  1. Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Kayseri, Turkey

    Burak Yagmur

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

    Adem Gunes

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  1. Burak Yagmur
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  2. Adem Gunes
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Correspondence to Adem Gunes.

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B. Yagmur and A. Gunes declare that they have no competing interests.

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Yagmur, B., Gunes, A. Evaluation of the Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Yield and Quality Parameters of Tomato Plants in Organic Agriculture by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Gesunde Pflanzen 73, 219–228 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00543-9

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