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Sample Enrichment by Solid-Phase Extraction for Reaching Parts per Quadrillion Levels in Environmental Analysis

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Abstract

Determination of parts per quadrillion (ppq) levels of various pollutants, contaminants, or background species in environmental samples is a challenging task for analytical chemistry. Among them, dioxins, perfluoroalkylated acids, organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, herbicides, and nitrosamines are found in the environment and consequently they must be determined at ppq levels. Analytical techniques alone are not able to reach these concentration levels, and they can be utilized only if sample enrichment is applied. This review is based on the literature reporting analytical methods based on solid-phase extraction or related techniques that are applied to determine ppq levels or have quantitation limits below the parts per trillion (ppt) range. Some other important aspects of the analytical process, such as calibration, precision, recovery, uncertainty, environmental matrix certified reference materials, or interlaboratory comparison, are discussed in the context of this analytical research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Sos. Panduri, no. 90, Bucharest, Romania

    Victor David

  2. National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology-ECOIND, Drumul Podul Dambovitei Street, 71–73, Sector 6, Bucharest, Romania

    Toma Galaon

  3. University of Bucharest, Research Institute, ICUB, Bucharest, Romania

    Elena Bacalum

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  1. Victor David
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  2. Toma Galaon
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  3. Elena Bacalum
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Correspondence to Victor David.

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Published in the topical collection Recent Trends in Solid-Phase Extraction for Environmental, Food and Biological Sample Preparation with guest editors Anna Laura Capriotti, Giorgia La Barbera, and Susy Piovesana.

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David, V., Galaon, T. & Bacalum, E. Sample Enrichment by Solid-Phase Extraction for Reaching Parts per Quadrillion Levels in Environmental Analysis. Chromatographia 82, 1139–1150 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-019-03696-y

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