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Factors affecting the distribution of the sibling species of treecreepers Certhia familiaris and C. brachydactyla in the Pyrenees

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Abstract

We investigated the main environmental variables determining the occurrence of the Eurasian Treecreeper Certhia familiaris and Short-toed Treecreeper C. brachydactyla within the mountain range of the Pyrenees. Presence/absence data were obtained, using the response to the playback of each species’ typical song; they were collected during the springs of 2004–2012 over 487 sites, within 33 areas of mature forest distributed over the mountain range. The analysis, based upon generalised linear models, showed that altitude, forest type, location within the mountain range and the presence of the sibling species influenced the occurrence of both treecreepers. Probability of occurrence of the Eurasian Treecreeper increased with altitude except in mountain pine forest, whereas at a given altitude it was lower in Scots pines than in other forest types. In the Short-toed Treecreeper, whose probability of occurrence was enhanced in oak forest, the altitude had a negative influence except in mountain pine forest. In the Eurasian Treecreeper, all other things being equal, probability of occurrence was higher in the forested areas experiencing an oceanic climate than those experiencing a Mediterranean-continental climate. The opposite was found in the Short-toed Treecreeper, whose probability of occurrence on the Pyrenees’ southern slope increased from the western to the eastern end of the mountain range. Finally, the presence of the sibling species decreased the probability of occurrence of both treecreepers at low and medium altitude, suggesting a restricted form of interspecific competition.

Zusammenfassung

Einflussfaktoren auf die Verbreitung der Baumläufer-Zwillingsarten Certhia familiaris und C. brachydactyla in den Pyrenäen

Wir untersuchten die wichtigsten Umweltvariablen, die das Vorkommen von Waldbaumläufern Certhia familiaris und Gartenbaumläufern C. brachydactyla entlang der Gebirgskette der Pyrenäen beeinflussen. Dazu wurden Präsenz/Absenz-Daten mit Hilfe von arttypischen Klangattrappen gewonnen. Diese Daten wurden vom Frühjahr 2004 bis 2012 an 487 Standorten innerhalb von 33 Gebieten mit ausgewachsenen Waldbeständen entlang der Gebirgskette gesammelt. Die auf generalisierten linearen Modellen basierende Analyse zeigte, dass die Höhenlage, der Waldtyp, die Lage entlang der Gebirgskette und die Präsenz der Zwillingsart das Vorkommen der beiden Baumläuferarten beeinflusste. Die Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit des Waldbaumläufers stieg, mit einer Ausnahme in Bergnadelwäldern, mit zunehmender Höhe an. Bei gleicher Höhenlage war hingegen die Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit in Waldkieferwäldern geringer als in anderen Waldtypen. Beim Gartenbaumläufer, dessen Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit in Eichenwäldern erhöht war, hatte die Höhenlage einen negativen Einfluss auf das Vorkommen außer in Bergnadelwäldern. Bei ansonsten gleichen Bedingungen zeigten die Waldbaumläufer eine höhere Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit in Waldgebieten mit ozeanischem Klima als in solchen mit kontinentalem Mittelmeerklima. Das Gegenteil wurde für den Gartenbaumläufer gefunden, dessen Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit an der Südseite der Pyrenäen vom westlichen bis zum östlichen Ende der Gebirgskette anstieg. Schließlich konnten wir feststellen, dass die Präsenz der Zwillingsart die Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit beider Baumläuferarten in niedrigen und mittleren Höhenlagen reduzierte. Dies lässt daher eher eine eingeschränkte interspezifische Konkurrenz vermuten.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully thank Michel Goulard for his advice on the statistical procedures, Jean-Marc Pons for his comments of the manuscript, Sian Forster for checking the English language and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.

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The authors received no funding for this work.

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Correspondence to Michel Clouet.

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Communicated by T. Gottschalk.

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Clouet, M., Gerard, JF. Factors affecting the distribution of the sibling species of treecreepers Certhia familiaris and C. brachydactyla in the Pyrenees. J Ornithol 160, 27–36 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1605-5

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