Skip to main content
Log in

Singing behaviour of the oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

The oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis) (OMR) is a well-known tropical songbird in which males deliver two categories of songs, namely discrete song and continuous song. Discrete songs are delivered throughout the breeding season during different times of the day, while continuous songs are delivered occasionally during courtship behaviour, intruder male rivalry and female attraction. In this study, singing behaviour, song repertoire size and yearly variations in the presentation of the repertoire of discrete songs of the OMR were studied in a colour ringed population in urban habitat of Haridwar (29°55′N, 78°08′E), Uttarakhand, India. Song bout length varied from few minutes to about an hour. Song type length ranged from 0.8 to 2.8 s with a mean value of 1.67 ± 2.42 s. Length of pause between song types averaged 3.17 ± 0.76 s. Average number and types of elements in a song type were found to be 6.15 ± 2.6 and 4.95 ± 1.36 respectively. The average minimum and maximum frequencies of song types were found to be 2.4 ± 0.6 and 5.8 ± 0.8 kHz, respectively. A large repertoire of 20–82 song types with an average of 42.59 ± 13.05 song types per individual in 09 males of OMR was observed during 2011–2013. When the total number of distinct song types against the total songs observed in an individual was plotted, the cumulative curve showed a continuous progression which did not reach an asymptote. Song repertoires varied across the years largely due to addition and/or deletion of the song types in the successive years, indicating that the OMR could be regarded as an open ended song learner.

Zusammenfassung

Gesangsverhalten bei Dajaldrosseln ( Copsychus saularis )

Die Dajaldrossel ist eine bekannte tropische Singvogelart, bei der der Gesang der Männchen in zwei Kategorien eingeteilt werden kann: dem diskreten Gesang und dem kontinuierlichen Gesang. Diskrete Gesänge werden zu verschiedenen Tageszeiten während der Brutsaison geäußert. Kontinuierliche Gesänge werden nur gelegentlich während der Balz, beim Eindringen männlicher Konkurrenten in die Reviere und zur Anlockung von Weibchen vorgetragen. In dieser Studie wurden das Gesangsverhalten, die Größe des Gesangsrepertoires und die jährlichen Variationen in der Präsentation des Repertoires diskreter Gesänge von Dajaldrosseln in einer farbberingten Stadtpopulation in Haridwar (29°55′N, 78°08′E), Uttarakhand, Indien untersucht. Die Strophenlänge variierte zwischen wenigen Minuten und über einer Stunde. Die Länge der Strophentypen lag zwischen 0,8 und 2,8 s., im Mittel bei 1,67 ± 2,42 s. Die Länge der Unterbrechungen zwischen Strophentypen betrug durchschnittlich 3.17 ± 0.76 s. Die durchschnittliche Anzahl der Strophen sowie die Anzahl verschiedener Elemente lagen bei 6.15 ± 2.6 beziehungsweise 4.95 ± 1.36. Die mittlere Minimalfrequenz der Strophen lag bei 2.4 ± 0.6 kHz, die Maximalfrequenz bei 5.8 ± 0.8 kHz. Von 2011–2013 wurde ein großes Repertoire von 20–82 verschiedenen Strophentypen beobachtet. Bei neun Dajaldrossel Männchen konnten im Durchschnitt 42.59 ± 13.05 Strophentypen pro Individuum ermittelt werden. Die Gesamtzahl der unterschiedlichen Strophentypen aufgetragen gegen die Anzahl an Strophen eines Individuums zeigt eine stetige Entwicklung der Summenkurve, die nicht die Asymptote erreicht. Das Gesangsrepertoire variierte stark zwischen den Jahren aufgrund von Hinzufügen oder das Weglassen von Strophentypen in aufeinander folgenden Jahren. Dies zeigt, dass Dajaldrosseln als ‚open-ended‘Gesangslernende eingestuft werden können.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ali S, Ripley SD (2002) Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson M (1994) Sexual selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Beecher MD, Campbell SE, Stoddard PK (1994) Correlation of song learning and territory establishment strategies in the song sparrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:1450–1454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beecher MD, Campbell SE, Nordby JC (2000) Territory tenure in song sparrows is related to song sharing with neighbours, but not to repertoire size. Anim Behav 59:29–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt D, Kumar A, Singh Y, Payne RB (2000) Territorial songs and calls of the oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis. Curr Sci 25:722–728

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt D, Sethi VK, Kumar A, Singh A (2014) Some notes on the breeding behaviour of the oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis from Uttarakhand, India. J Sustain Sci Manage 9:112–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Borror DJ (1987) Song in the white-eyed vireo. Wilson Bull 99:377–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Byers BE, Kroodsma DE (2009) Female mate choice and songbird song repertoires. Anim Behav 77:13–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canady RA, Kroodsma DE, Nottebohm F (1984) Population differences in complexity of a learned skill are correlated with the brain space involved. Proc Natl Acad Sci 81:6232–6234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catchpole CK, Slater PJB (2008) Bird song: biological themes and variations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cucco M, Malacarne G (2000) Delayed maturation in passerine birds: an examination of plumage effects and some indications of a related effect in song. Ethol Ecol Evol 12:291–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falls JB, D’Agincourt LF (1981) A comparison of neighbor-stranger discrimination in eastern and western meadowlarks. Can J Zool 59:2380–2385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galeotti PAOLO, Sacchi ROBERTO, Perani ELENA (1997) Cooperative defense and intrasexual aggression in scops owl (Otus scops): responses to playback of male and female calls. J Raptor Res 31:353–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasselquist D, Bensch S, von Schantz T (1996) Correlation between male song repertoire, extra-pair paternity and offspring survival in the great reed warbler. Nature 381:229–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstad E, Espmark Y, Moksnes A, Haugan T, Ingebrigtsen M (2002) The relationship between song performance and male quality in snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis). Can J Zool 80:524–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes M, Nowicki S, Searcy WA, Peters S (1998) Song-type sharing in song sparrows: implications for repertoire function and song learning. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 42:437–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Immelmann K (1969) Song development in the zebra finch and other estrildid finches. In: Hinde RA (ed) Bird vocalizations, Cambridge University Press, pp 61–77

  • Kipper S, Kiefer S (2010) Age-related changes in birds’ singing styles: on fresh tunes and fading voices? Adv Study Behav 41:77–118 (Academic Press)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kipper S, Mundry R, Sommer C, Hultsch H, Todt D (2006) Song repertoire size is correlated with body measures and arrival date in common nightingales, Luscinia megarhynchos. Anim Behav 71:211–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A (2011) Physical characteristics, categories and functions of song in the Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata (Aves: Muscicapidae). J Threat Taxa 3:1909–1918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Bhatt D (2001) Characteristics and significance of calls in oriental magpie Robin. Curr Sci 80:77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Bhatt D (2002) Characteristics and significance of song in female oriental magpie-robin, Copsychus saularis. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 99:54–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe HM, Espmark YO (1994) Song structure reflects male quality in pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca. Anim Behav 47:869–876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marler PR, Slabbekoorn H (2004) Nature’s music: the science of birdsong. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Mountjoy JD, Lemon RE (1995) Extended song learning in wild European starlings. Anim Behav 49:357–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordby JC, Campbell SE, Beecher MD (2002) Adult song sparrows do not alter their song repertoires. Ethology 108:39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nottebohm F, Nottebohm ME, Crane L (1986) Developmental and seasonal changes in canary song and their relation to changes in the anatomy of song-control nuclei. Behav Neural Biol 46:445–471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otter K, McGregor PK, Terry AMR, Burford FRL, Peake TM, Dabelsteen T (1999) Do female great tits (Parus major) assess males by eavesdropping? A field study using interactive song playback. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 266:1305–1309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price JJ, Yuan DH (2011) Song-type sharing and matching in a bird with very large song repertoires, the tropical mockingbird. Behaviour 148:673–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searcy WA, Andersson M (1986) Sexual selection and the evolution of song. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 17:507–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A (2016) Breeding success and singing behavior in oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis). Ph.D. Thesis, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

  • Singh A, Bhatt D, Sethi VK, Dadwal N (2016) Nesting success of the oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis in nest boxes and tree cavities. Wildlife Biology 22:277–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slagsvold T, Dale S, Sætre GP (1994) Dawn singing in the great tit (Parus major): mate attraction, mate guarding, or territorial defence? Behaviour 131:115–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staicer CA, Spector DA, Horn AG (1996) The dawn chorus and other diel patterns in acoustic signaling. In: Kroodsma DE, Miller EH (eds) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp 426–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Vabishchevich AP (2012) Two strategies of between-season changes in the song composition of the pied flycatcher. Ann Zool Fenn 49:219–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the Head, Dept. of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar for providing infrastructure facilities. Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship provided by the University Grants commission, New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to the orchards’ owners for their kind permission and cooperation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amar Singh.

Additional information

Communicated by S. Kipper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Singh, A., Bhatt, D. & Sethi, V.K. Singing behaviour of the oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis). J Ornithol 160, 185–193 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1595-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1595-3

Keywords

Navigation