Abstract
Objective
Prospective motion correction (PMC) during brain imaging using camera-based tracking of a skin-attached marker may suffer from problems including loss of marker visibility due to the coil and false correction due to non-rigid-body facial motion, such as frowning or squinting. A modified PMC system is introduced to mitigate these problems and increase the robustness of motion correction.
Materials and methods
The method relies on simultaneously tracking two markers, each providing six degrees of freedom, that are placed on the forehead. This allows us to track head motion when one marker is obscured and detect skin movements to prevent false corrections. Experiments were performed to compare the performance of the two-marker motion correction technique to the previous single-marker approach.
Results
Experiments validate the theory developed for adaptive marker tracking and skin movement detection, and demonstrate improved image quality during obstruction of the line-of-sight of one marker when subjects squint or when subjects squint and move simultaneously.
Conclusion
The proposed methods eliminate two common failure modes of PMC and substantially improve the robustness of PMC, and they can be applied to other optical tracking systems capable of tracking multiple markers. The methods presented can be adapted to the use of more than two markers.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health under grants R01-DA021146, R01-DA021146-06S1, U54-NS 56883; K24-DA16170-10, and G12 MD007601.
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Aditya Singh is a consultant for a company KinetiCor Inc. Maxim Zaitsev is a member of the scientific advisory board for KinetiCor Inc. and Thomas Ernst owns equity in KinetiCor Inc. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Singh, A., Zahneisen, B., Keating, B. et al. Optical tracking with two markers for robust prospective motion correction for brain imaging. Magn Reson Mater Phy 28, 523–534 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-015-0493-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-015-0493-4