Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Social attention biases in juvenile wild vervet monkeys: implications for socialisation and social learning processes

  • Special Feature: Original Article
  • Social networks analysis in primates, a multilevel perspective
  • Published:
Primates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The concept of directed social learning predicts that social learning opportunities for an individual will depend on social dynamics, context and demonstrator identity. However, few empirical studies have examined social attention biases in animal groups. Sex-based and kinship-based biases in social learning and social attention towards females have been shown in a despotic and female philopatric primate: the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). The present study examined social attention during the juvenile period. Social attention was recorded through 5-min focal observations during periods of natural foraging. Kin emerged as the most important focus of social attention in juveniles, intensified by biased spatial proximity towards matrilineal related members. The highest-ranking conspecifics were more frequently observed by juveniles than low-ranking ones. Additionally, younger and orphaned juveniles showed higher levels of social attention overall, compared to other age categories. No effect of the juvenile’s hierarchical rank was detected, suggesting that the variation in social attention recorded reflects different biases and stages of social learning and socialisation, rather than social anxiety. Juvenile females tended to exhibit a dominance-based bias more strongly than did males. This might be explained by a greater emphasis on attaining social knowledge during juvenile socialisation in the philopatric sex. Moreover, despite a preferred association between juveniles, social attention was more often directed to adults, suggesting that adults may still be more often chosen as a target of attention independent of their dominance rank.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agostini I, Visalberghi E (2005) Social influences on the acquisition of sex-typical foraging patterns by juveniles in a group of wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus nigritus). Am J Primatol 65:335–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alberts SC (1994) Vigilance in young baboons: effects of habitat, age, sex and maternal rank on glance rate. Anim Behav 47:749–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JR, Takimoto A, Kuroshima H, Fujita K (2013) Capuchin monkeys judge third-party reciprocity. Cognition 127:140–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartoń K (2013) MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package version 1.9. 13. The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Vienna. Austria

  • Bastian ML, Sponberg AC, Suomi SJ, Higley JD (2003) Long-term effects of infant rearing condition on the acquisition of dominance rank in juvenile and adult rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Dev Psychobiol 42:44–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastian M, Heymann S, Jacomy M (2009) Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. In: International AAAI conference on weblogs and social media

  • Berman CM (1982) The ontogeny of social relationships with group companions among free-ranging infant rhesus monkeys I. Social networks and differentiation. Anim Behav 30:149–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biro D, Inoue-Nakamura N, Tonooka R, Yamakoshi G, Sousa C, Matsuzawa T (2003) Cultural innovation and transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees: evidence from field experiments. Anim Cogn 6:213–223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JSS (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 24:127–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borgeaud C, van de Waal E, Bshary R (2013) Third-party ranks knowledge in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus). PLoS One 8:e58562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Borgeaud C, Alvino M, van Leeuwen K, Townsend SW, Bshary R (2015) Age/sex differences in third-party rank relationship knowledge in wild vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus. Anim Behav 102:277–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botero M, MacDonald SE, Miller RS (2013) Anxiety-related behaviour of orphan chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Primates 54:21–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botting J, Whiten A, Grampp M, van de Waal E (2018) Field experiments with wild primates reveal no consistent dominance-based bias in social learning. Anim Behav 136:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd R, Richerson PJ (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent LJN, Franks DW, Foster EA, Balcomb KC, Cant MA, Croft DP (2015) Ecological knowledge, leadership, and the evolution of menopause in killer whales. Curr Biol 25:746–750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caine NG, Marra SL (1988) Vigilance and social organization in two species of primates. Anim Behav 36:897–904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carne C, Wiper S, Semple S (2011) Reciprocation and interchange of grooming, agonistic support, feeding tolerance, and aggression in semi-free-ranging Barbary macaques. Am J Primatol 73:1127–1133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chance MR (1967) Attention structure as the basis of primate rank orders. Man 2:503–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapais B (1992) The role of alliances in social inheritance of rank among female primates. In: Harcourt AH, de Waal FBM (eds) Coalitions and alliances in humans and other mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawarska K, Macari S, Powell K, DiNicola L, Shic F (2016) Enhanced social attention in female infant siblings at risk for autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 55:188–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM (1990) How monkeys see the world: inside the mind of another species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Claidière N, Messer EJE, Hoppitt W, Whiten A (2013) Diffusion dynamics of socially learned foraging techniques in squirrel monkeys. Curr Biol 23:1251–1255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho CG, Falótico T, Izar P, Mannu M, Resende BD, Siqueira JO, Ottoni EB (2015) Social learning strategies for nut-cracking by tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.). Anim Cogn 18:911–919

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cords M, Sheehan MJ, Ekernas LS (2010) Sex and age differences in juvenile social priorities in female philopatric, nondespotic blue monkeys. Am J Primatol 72:193–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coussi-Korbel S, Fragaszy DM (1995) On the relation between social dynamics and social learning. Anim Behav 50:1441–1453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craney TA, Surles JG (2002) Model-dependent variance inflation factor cutoff values. Qual Eng 14:391–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crossley N, Bellotti E, Edwards G, Everett MG, Koskinen J, Tranmer M (2015) Social network analysis for ego-nets: Social network analysis for actor-centred networks. Sage, Upper Saddle River

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dalmaso M, Pavan G, Castelli L, Galfano G (2011) Social status gates social attention in humans. Biol Lett 8:450–452

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson BV, Foss BM (1965) Observational learning in budgerigars. Anim Behav 13:470–474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Waal FBM (1992) Intentional deception in primates. Evol Anthropol Issues News Rev 1:86–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Waal FBM (2001) The ape and the sushi master: cultural reflections of a primatologist “the urge to be like others”. Basic Books, New York, p 224

    Google Scholar 

  • Dindo M, Thierry B, Whiten A (2008) Social diffusion of novel foraging methods in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Proc R Soc Lond B 275:187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dindo M, Leimgruber KL, Ahmed R, Whiten A, de Waal F (2011) Observer choices during experimental foraging tasks in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Am J Primatol 73:920–927

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duboscq J, Romano V, Sueur C, MacIntosh AJJ (2016) Network centrality and seasonality interact to predict lice load in a social primate. Sci Rep 6:22095

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy GA, Pike TW, Laland KN (2009) Size-dependent directed social learning in nine-spined sticklebacks. Anim Behav 78:371–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dugatkin LA, Godin J-GJ (1993) Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects. Behav Ecol 4:289–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks LA (1980) Relationships among adult females in captive vervet monkeys: testing a model of rank-related attractiveness. Anim Behav 28:853–859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farine DR (2017) A guide to null models for animal social network analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 8(10):1309–1320

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feeney WE, Langmore NE (2013) Social learning of a brood parasite by its host. Biol Lett 9:20130443

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn E, Whiten A (2012) Experimental “microcultures” in young children: identifying biographic, cognitive, and social predictors of information transmission. Child Dev 83:911–925

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Förster S, Cords M (2005) Socialisation of infant blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni): allomaternal interactions and sex differences. Behaviour 142:869–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galef BG, Whiskin EE (2008) ‘Conformity’ in Norway rats? Anim Behav 75:2035–2039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall J (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behaviour. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton WD (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour. J Theor Biol 7:17–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heyes CM (1994) Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms. Biol Rev 69:207–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horner V, Proctor D, Bonnie KE, Whiten A, de Waal FBM (2010) Prestige affects cultural learning in chimpanzees. PLoS One 5:e10625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy SB, Whitten PL (1987) Patterning of sexual activity. In: Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Smuts R, Wrangham R, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT (eds) Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 370–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Ichise M, Vines DC, Gura T, Anderson GM, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Innis RB (2006) Effects of early life stress on [11C] DASB positron emission tomography imaging of serotonin transporters in adolescent peer-and mother-reared rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci 26:4638–4643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jaeggi AV, Dunkel LP, Van Noordwijk MA, Wich SA, Sura AAL, van Schaik CP (2010) Social learning of diet and foraging skills by wild immature Bornean orangutans: implications for culture. Am J Primatol 72:62–71

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaburu SS, Newton-Fisher NE (2015) Egalitarian despots: hierarchy steepness, reciprocity and the grooming-trade model in wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Anim Behav 99:61–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanngiesser P, Sueur C, Riedl K, Grossmann J, Call J (2011) Grooming network cohesion and the role of individuals in a captive chimpanzee group. Am J Primatol 73:758–767

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendal R, Hopper LM, Whiten A, Brosnan SF, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Hoppitt W (2015) Chimpanzees copy dominant and knowledgeable individuals: implications for cultural diversity. Evol Hum Behav 36:65–72

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Laland KN (2004) Social learning strategies. Anim Learn Behav 32:4–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbeater E, Chittka L (2007) Social learning in insects—from miniature brains to consensus building. Curr Biol 17:R703–R713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee PC (1987) Sibships: cooperation and competition among immature vervet monkeys. Primates 28:47–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lévy F, Melo AI, Galef BG, Madden M, Fleming AS (2003) Complete maternal deprivation affects social, but not spatial, learning in adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 43:177–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdorf EV (2005) Sex differences in the development of termite-fishing skills in the wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, of Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Anim Behav 70:673–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdorf EV, Ross SR (2012) Socialisation and development of behaviour. In: Mitani JC, Call J, Kappeler PM, Palombit RA, Silk JB (eds) The evolution of primate societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 245–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdorf EV, Eberly LE, Pusey AE (2004) Sex differences in learning in chimpanzees. Nature 428:715–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdorf EV, Anderson KE, Stanton MA, Shender M, Heintz MR, Goodall J, Murray CM (2014) Boys will be boys: sex differences in wild infant chimpanzee social interactions. Anim Behav 88:79–83

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Magrath RD, Bennett TH (2012) A micro-geography of fear: learning to eavesdrop on alarm calls of neighbouring heterospecifics. Proc R Soc Lond B 279:902–909

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzawa T (1994) Field experiments on use of stone tools by chimpanzees in the wild. In: Wrangham RW (ed) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 351–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzawa T, Biro D, Humle T, Inoue-Nakamura N, Tonooka R, Yamakoshi G (2008) Emergence of culture in wild chimpanzees: education by master-apprenticeship. In: Matsuzawa T (ed) Primate origins of human cognition and behaviour. Springer, Tokyo, pp 557–574

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McComb K, Moss C, Durant SM, Baker L, Sayialel S (2001) Matriarchs as repositories of social knowledge in African elephants. Science 292:491–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann C, Duboscq J, Dubuc C et al (2011) Assessing dominance hierarchies: validation and advantages of progressive evaluation with Elo-rating. Anim Behav 82:911–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol CJ (2006) How animals learn from each other. Appl Anim Behav Sci 100:58–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol CJ, Pope SJ (1999) The effects of demonstrator social status and prior foraging success on social learning in laying hens. Anim Behav 57:163–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noë R, Hammerstein P (1994) Biological markets: supply and demand determine the effect of partner choice in cooperation, mutualism and mating. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 35:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelé M, Bellut C, Debergue E, Gauvin C, Jeanneret A, Leclere T, Nicolas L, Pontier F, Zausa D, Sueur C (2017) Cultural influence of social information use in pedestrian road-crossing behaviours. R Soc Open Science 4:160739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira ME (1988) Effects of age and sex on intra-group spacing behaviour in juvenile savannah baboons, Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus. Anim Behav 36:184–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry S (2009) Conformism in the food processing techniques of white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus). Anim Cogn 12:705–716

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Raleigh MJ, Flannery JW, Ervin FR (1979) Sex differences in behaviour among juvenile vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Behav Neural Biol 26:455–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reader SM, Kendal JR, Laland KN (2003) Social learning of foraging sites and escape routes in wild Trinidadian guppies. Anim Behav 66:729–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renevey N, Bshary R, van de Waal E (2013) Philopatric vervet monkey females are the focus of social attention rather independently of rank. Behaviour 150:599–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosati AG, Santos LR (2017) Tolerant Barbary macaques maintain juvenile levels of social attention in old age, but despotic rhesus macaques do not. Anim Behav 130:199–207

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • RStudio Team (2015). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA . http://www.rstudio.com/

  • Santorelli CJ, Schaffner CM, Campbell CJ, Notman H, Pavelka MS, Weghorst JA, Aureli F (2011) Traditions in spider monkeys are biased towards the social domain. PLoS One 6:e16863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schiel N, Huber L (2006) Social influences on the development of foraging behaviour in free-living common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 68:1150–1160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schino G, di Sorrentino EP, Tiddi B (2007) Grooming and coalitions in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): partner choice and the time frame reciprocation. J Comp Psychol 121:181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuppli C, Meulman EJ, Forss SI, Aprilinayati F, van Noordwijk MA, van Schaik CP (2016) Observational social learning and socially induced practice of routine skills in immature wild orang-utans. Anim Behav 119:87–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab C, Bugnyar T, Schloegl C, Kotrschal K (2008a) Enhanced social learning between siblings in common ravens, Corvus corax. Anim Behav 75:501–508

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab C, Bugnyar T, Kotrschal K (2008b) Preferential learning from non-affiliated individuals in jackdaws (Corvus monedula). Behav Proc 79:148–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada M, Sueur C (2014) The importance of social play network for infant or juvenile wild chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 76:1025–1036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada M, Sueur C (2018) Social play among juvenile wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) strengthens their social bonds. Am J Primatol 80(1):e22728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sueur C, Jacobs A, Amblard F, Petit O, King AJ (2011a) How can social network analysis improve the study of primate behaviour? Am J Primatol 73:703–719

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sueur C, Petit O, De Marco A, Jacobs AT, Watanabe K, Thierry B (2011b) A comparative network analysis of social style in macaques. Anim Behav 82:845–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sueur C, Kuntz C, Debergue E, Keller B, Robic F, Siegwalt-Baudin F, Richer C, Ramos A, Pelé M (2018) Leadership linked to group composition in Highland cattle (Bos taurus): implications for livestock management. Appl Anim Behav Sci 198:9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suomi SJ (1997) Early determinants of behaviour: evidence from primate studies. Br Med Bull 53:170–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka I (1995) Matrilineal distribution of louse egg-handling techniques during grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol 98:197–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton A, Malapert A (2009) Experimental evidence for social transmission of food acquisition techniques in wild meerkats. Anim Behav 78:255–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasello M (1990) Cultural transmission in the tool use and communicatory signalling of chimpanzees? In: Parker S, Gibson K (eds) Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes: comparative developmental perspectives. Cambridge University Press, England, p 274

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • van de Waal E, Bshary R (2011) Social-learning abilities of wild vervet monkeys in a two-step task artificial fruit experiment. Anim Behav 81:433–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Waal E, Whiten A (2012) Spontaneous emergence, imitation and spread of alternative foraging techniques among groups of vervet monkeys. PLoS One 7:e47008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van de Waal E, Renevey N, Favre CM, Bshary R (2010) Selective attention to philopatric models causes directed social learning in wild vervet monkeys. Proc R Soc Lond B 277:2105–2111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Waal E, Krützen M, Hula J, Goudet J, Bshary R (2012) Similarity in food cleaning techniques within matrilines in wild vervet monkeys. PLoS One 7:e35694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van de Waal E, Borgeaud C, Whiten A (2013) Potent social learning and conformity shape a wild primate’s foraging decisions. Science 340:483–485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Waal E, Bshary R, Whiten A (2014) Wild vervet monkey infants acquire the food-processing variants of their mothers. Anim Behav 90:41–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson SK, Reamer LA, Mareno MC, Vale G, Harrison RA, Lambeth SP, Schapiro SJ, Whiten A (2017) Socially transmitted diffusion of a novel behaviour from subordinate chimpanzees. Am J Primatol 79:e22642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts DP (1998) A preliminary study of selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Primates 39:71–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiten A (2017) A second inheritance system: the extension of biology through culture. Interface Focus 7:20160142

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Whiten A, Byrne RW (1988) Tactical deception in primates. Behav Brain Sci 11:233–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiten A, Goodall J, McGrew WC, Nishida T, Reynolds V, Sugiyama Y, Tutin CEG, Wrangham RW, Boesch C (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682–685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrangham RW (1981) Drinking competition in vervet monkeys. Anim Behav 29:904–910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu DWL, Bischof WF, Kingstone A (2013) Looking while eating: the importance of social context to social attention. Sci Rep 3:2356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the late K. van der Walt for permission to conduct the study in his reserve. The authors would especially like to thank M. Bodin for collecting the focal data in one of the groups (NH), in addition to the other students and volunteers for their assistance in long-term data collection at IVP, and the on-site manager A. van Blerk for his great support. We thank A. Whiten for his useful comments on the manuscript.

Funding

JB was supported by a grant from the John Templeton Foundation (ID40128 to A. Whiten). EW and the IVP project have received grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (P300P3_151187 and 31003A_159587) and the Branco Weiss Fellowship-Society in Science.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Erica van de Waal and Jennifer Botting: Joint last authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, 67000, Strasbourg, France

    Mathilde Grampp

  2. Inkawu Vervet Project, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

    Mathilde Grampp, Erica van de Waal & Jennifer Botting

  3. Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France

    Cédric Sueur

  4. Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Erica van de Waal

  5. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    Jennifer Botting

Authors
  1. Mathilde Grampp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cédric Sueur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Erica van de Waal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jennifer Botting
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mathilde Grampp.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Research involving human and animal participants

No human participants were included in this study. This study was approved by the University of Strasbourg and was carried out in full accordance with the ethical guidelines and European animal welfare legislation. Animals were habituated to the observers’ presence. Every effort was made to ensure the welfare of the animals and minimise disturbance of the groups.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 62 kb)

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Grampp, M., Sueur, C., van de Waal, E. et al. Social attention biases in juvenile wild vervet monkeys: implications for socialisation and social learning processes. Primates 60, 261–275 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00721-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-019-00721-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation