Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Elevation-dependent pseudorange variation characteristics analysis for the new-generation BeiDou satellite navigation system

  • Original Article
  • Published:
GPS Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To validate the new system design and the new technology of the third-generation BDS (BeiDou-3), five non-GEO experimental satellites were launched during 2015 and 2016. In addition to the B1I and B3I signals that have been emitted by BeiDou-2, three newly designed civil signals (B1C, B2a, and B2b) were first transmitted by these satellites and are planned to be partly applied to the official BeiDou-3 satellites. In this study, the signature of elevation-dependent systematic biases in code measurements, which are commonly observed from BeiDou-2 satellites, was investigated for the three new civil signals based on observations collected using different types of receivers at different locations. Our results show that the RMS of multipath combination residuals of the new civil signal B1C was statistically larger than those of B2a and B2b signals. This indicates that B1C tends to be more seriously affected by multipath effects than B2a and B2b. Furthermore, the station elevation-dependent and satellite nadir- and azimuth-dependent multipath signatures were analyzed in detail. The results show that elevation-dependent variations in code measurements of B1I and B3I signals still exist for BeiDou-2 satellites, including the latest IGSO-6 (C13) launched in 2016. Based on different receivers which are equipped with all-in-view antennas, these types of code biases seem to be absent in the legacy B1C, B2a, and B2b frequency bands for BeiDou-3 in-orbit validation satellites. However, benefited from multipath-free conditions, results from a 40-m dish antenna reveal that the satellite-induced code pseudorange variations still exist in the bands of B1C, B2a, and B2b of BeiDou-3 in-orbit validation satellites, although their variation ranges are only at a level of approximately 0.1 m.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Avila-Rodriguez J et al (2008) The MBOC modulation: the final touch to the Galileo frequency and signal plan. Navigation 55(1):15–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai C, Gao Y, Pan L, Dai W (2014) An analysis on combined GPS/COMPASS data quality and its effect on single point positioning accuracy under different observing conditions. Adv Space Res 54(5):818–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.02.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Hu X, Tang C, Zhou S, Guo R, Pan J, Li R, Zhu L (2016) Orbit determination and time synchronization for new-generation Beidou satellites: preliminary results. Sci Sin Phys Mech Astron. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSPMA2016-00281 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • CSNO (2012) Report on the development of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (version 2.1). Beijing

  • CSNO (2016) BeiDou Navigation Satellite System signal in space interface control document (Open Service Signal (Version 2.1)). Beijing

  • Hauschild A, Montenbruck O, Sleewaegen JM, Huisman L, Teunissen PJG (2012) Characterization of compass M-1 signals. GPS Solut 16(1):117–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-011-0210-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hein GW et al (2006) MBOC: the new optimized spreading modulation recommended for GALILEO L1 OS and GPS L1C. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/ION PLANS 2006, Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 25–27 April, pp 883–892

  • Irsigler M, Eissfeller B (2003) Comparison of multipath mitigation techniques with consideration of future signal structures. In: Proceedings of ION GPS/GNSS 2003, Institute of Navigation, Portland, OR, 9–12 Sept, pp 2584–2592

  • Irsigler M, Hein GW, Eissfeller B (2004) Multipath performance analysis for future GNSS signals. In: Proceedings of ION NTM 2004, Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 26–28 Jan, pp 225–238

  • Lei WY, Wu GC, Tao XX, Bian L, Wang XL (2017) BDS satellite-induced code multipath: mitigation and assessment in new-generation IOV satellites. Adv Space Res 60(12):2672–2679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montenbruck O et al (2017) The Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS)—achievements, prospects and challenges. Adv Space Res 59(7):1671–1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OS-SIS-ICD (2010) European GNSS (Galileo) Open Service—signal in space interface control document. Publications Office of the European Union

  • Rocken C, Meertens C (1992) UNAVCO receiver tests. UNAVCO Memo 8

  • SCIO (2016) China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. Foreign Languages Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Shi C, Zhao QL, Hu ZG, Liu JN (2013) Precise relative positioning using real tracking data from COMPASS GEO and IGSO satellites. GPS Solut 17(1):103–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-012-0264-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simsky A (2006) Three’s the charm: triple-frequency combinations in future GNSS. Inside GNSS 1(5):38–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan S, Zhou B, Guo S, Liu Z (2010) Studies of compass navigation signals design. Sci Sin Phys Mech Astron 40(5):514–519 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thoelert S, Meurer M, Erker S, Montenbruck O, Hauschild A, Fenton P (2012) A multi-technique approach for characterizing the SVN49 signal anomaly, part 2: chip shape analysis. GPS Solut 16(1):29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-011-0204-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • US.DoD (2013) Global positioning systems directorate systems engineering & integration-interface specification IS-GPS-200 (IS-GPS-200H)

  • Wang GX, de Jong K, Zhao QL, Hu ZG, Guo J (2015) Multipath analysis of code measurements for BeiDou geostationary satellites. GPS Solut 19(1):129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0374-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanninger L, Beer S (2015) BeiDou satellite-induced code pseudorange variations: diagnosis and therapy. GPS Solut 19(4):639–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0423-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie X, Geng T, Zhao Q, Liu J, Wang B (2017) Performance of BDS-3: measurement quality analysis, precise orbit and clock determination. Sensors 17(6):1233. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu G (2007) GPS: theory, algorithms, and applications. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, He X, Liu W (2017a) Characteristics of systematic errors in the BDS Hatch–Melbourne–Wübbena combination and its influence on wide-lane ambiguity resolution. GPS Solut 21(1):265–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0520-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XH, Wu MK, Liu WK, Li XX, Yu S, Lu CX, Wickert J (2017b) Initial assessment of the COMPASS/BeiDou-3: new-generation navigation signals. J Geod 91(10):1225–1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-017-1020-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41604029, 41574027, 41574030, and 61501430). The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and improvements to this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road No. 129, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China

    Renyu Zhou, Zhigang Hu, Qile Zhao & Pengbo Li

  2. National Engineering Center for Satellite Positioning System, Luoyu Road No. 129, Wuhan, 430079, People’s Republic of China

    Renyu Zhou, Zhigang Hu, Qile Zhao & Pengbo Li

  3. Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, 11, Box 5131, Beijing, 100094, People’s Republic of China

    Wei Wang

  4. National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 Shuyuan East Road, National Time Service Center, Lintong, Xi’an, 710600, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Chengyan He

  5. Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Jinji Road No. 1, Guilin, 541004, People’s Republic of China

    Chenglin Cai

  6. Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China

    Zongpeng Pan

Authors
  1. Renyu Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhigang Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Qile Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pengbo Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chengyan He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Chenglin Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zongpeng Pan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhigang Hu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhou, R., Hu, Z., Zhao, Q. et al. Elevation-dependent pseudorange variation characteristics analysis for the new-generation BeiDou satellite navigation system. GPS Solut 22, 60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0726-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0726-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation