Abstract
Direct disposal of flue gas scrubbing-derived waste water with a high level (9000–10,000 mg/L) of ammonium ion (NH4 +) into aquatic systems has contributed to environmental depreciation. Here, we report a feasibility study on NH4 + recovery and conversion to struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O), which is a slow-release fertilizer. Such conversion also aids in compliance with the discharge limits for nitrogen-based compounds. Lab-scale experiments were performed to determine the optimum pH and molar ratio (Mg2+:NH4 +:PO4 3−) for struvite formation. A chemical equilibrium model (Visual Minteq) was also employed to corroborate the experimental results. The optimum pH for struvite precipitation was found to be pH 9 with a molar ratio of Mg2+:NH4 +:PO4³− = 1:1:1. At this pH, more than 93, 92.3 and 100% of the NH4 +, Mg2+ and PO4 3−, respectively, were removed from the scrubbing waste water Visual Minteq simulation also demonstrated optimum struvite formation at pH 9–10. Both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis revealed that the synthesized struvite was comparable to that of a commercial struvite. Thus, our findings confirmed the possibility of synthesizing struvite from de-NOx scrubbing wastewater utilizing the residual ammonium ions (NH4 +).
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Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by the Korean Ministry of Environment (No. 201400110019), and the authors are grateful for the instrument support by Kyung Hee University (KHU-20152127).
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Thapa, S., Ha, T.Y., Lee, H. et al. Recovery of ammonium ion as struvite from flue gas scrubbing wastewater. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 20, 293–301 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0579-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0579-8