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Alcohol consumption and incidence of proteinuria: a retrospective cohort study

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Abstract

Background

Previous studies report conflicting results of a dose-dependent association between alcohol consumption and incidence of chronic kidney disease. Only a few studies have assessed the clinical impact of > 45–65 g/day of critically high alcohol consumption.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 88,647 males and 88,925 females with dipstick urinary protein ≤ ± and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at their first annual health examinations between April 2008 and March 2010 in Japan. The exposure was the self-reported alcohol consumption. The outcome was proteinuria defined as dipstick urinary protein ≥ 1 + or ≥ 2 +.

Results

During median 1.8 years (interquartile range 1.0–2.1) of the observational period, 5416 (6.1%) males and 3262 (3.7%) females developed proteinuria defined as dipstick urinary protein ≥ 1 +. In males, a U-shape association between alcohol consumption and proteinuria was observed in a multivariable-adjusted Poisson regression model [incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) of rare, occasional, and daily drinkers with ≤ 19, 20–39, 40–59, and ≥ 60 g/day: 1.00 (reference), 0.86 (0.79–0.94), 0.70 (0.64–0.78), 0.82 (0.75–0.90), 1.00 (0.90–1.11), and 1.00 (0.85–1.17), respectively], whereas a J-shape association was observed in females [1.00 (reference), 0.81 (0.75–0.87), 0.74 (0.64–0.85), 0.93 (0.78–1.11), 1.09 (0.83–1.44), and 1.45 (1.02–2.08), respectively]. Similar associations with dipstick urinary protein ≥ 2 + were shown in males and females.

Conclusions

Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower risk of proteinuria in both males and females. Females with ≥ 60 g/day of high alcohol consumption were at higher risk of proteinuria, whereas males were not. Females were more vulnerable to high alcohol consumption, than males.

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Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by Health and Labor Sciences Research grants for ‘‘Research on the positioning of CKD in Specific Health Check and Guidance in Japan’’ (20230601), the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan

    Yoshiki Kimura, Ryohei Yamamoto, Maki Shinzawa, Yoshitaka Isaka & Toshiki Moriyama

  2. Health Care Division, Health and Counseling Center, Osaka University, 1–17 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan

    Ryohei Yamamoto & Toshiki Moriyama

  3. Steering Committee for the “Research on the Positioning of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Specific Health Check and Guidance in Japan”, Tokyo, Japan

    Kunitoshi Iseki, Kunihiro Yamagata, Kazuhiko Tsuruya, Hideaki Yoshida, Shouichi Fujimoto, Koichi Asahi, Toshiki Moriyama & Tsuyoshi Watanabe

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  1. Yoshiki Kimura
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Correspondence to Ryohei Yamamoto.

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Conflict of interest

All the authors have declared no competing interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee at which the studies were conducted (IRB approval number 1485 and 13085-3 at Fukushima Medical University and Osaka University Hospital, respectively) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was not obtained from participants, because all data were anonymized, according to Japanese Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects.

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Kimura, Y., Yamamoto, R., Shinzawa, M. et al. Alcohol consumption and incidence of proteinuria: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Nephrol 22, 1133–1142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-018-1568-0

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