Abstract
Andean forests decreased in area over the past decade, and communities throughout the Andes are experiencing environmental degradation and soil fertility loss. But amid deforestation, forests returned to some Andean regions, producing local ‘forest transitions’, or net increases in forest cover. The mechanisms that drive these local transitions – often in part the actions of residents – are still little studied, but hold key information for creating successful forest and landscape restoration interventions. This paper investigates cloud forest cover dynamics in Intag, a region in northwest Andean Ecuador where people were actively reforesting by planting trees. We used remote sensing analysis of LANDSAT imagery (from 1991, 2001, and 2010) and household surveys and oral histories with residents of four communities. Results from remote sensing show that prior to reforestation projects (before 2001), deforestation rates were high (> 3%/year). But from 2001 to 2010 forest recovery surpassed deforestation – a local forest transition (net 3% forest cover). But although deforestation rates slowed precipitously (< 2%) people continued to clear forests in the highlands even as forests regrew around communities. This change in clearing rates and spatial redistribution of forest cover reflects people’s reasons for planting trees – to restore water and other key ecosystem services perceive to be ‘scarce’. The results point to a new ‘path’ by which forest transitions occur – the ecosystem service scarcity path – in which local demand for forest ecosystem services drive forest recovery.
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Notes
The Intag region has been of interest to international mining companies for decades (Bebbington et al. 2008; Kocian et al. 2011; Buchanan 2013). In the early 2000s, communities protested, dismantled a mining exploration camp, and ultimately prevented illegal mining exploration. Community-owned reserves create small areas of land that cannot be sold for development without communal consent, providing a safeguard against mining.
Approximately 2.5% per year in Intag compared to the average for Ecuador of 1.2% per year from 1990 to 2000 (FAO 2005).
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Acknowledgments
We wish to thank McGill University’s Geographic Information Centre (GIC) for assistance with remote sensing analysis; Miriam Harder, Silvana Bolanos, Alonzo Andrengo, and Carmen Navarette for field assistance; Jake Brennan for his assistance with interviews and constructive comments; Carlos Zorilla of DECOIN, Joseph de Coux of the Los Cedros Reserve, and Ana Mariscal of Fundacion Cambugan for their help with fieldwork logistics and information; botanists Miguel Angel Chinchero, Jenny Elizabeth Correa, Gabriela Cruz, and Carlos Morales for their help in the field and lab; and Jeanine Rhemtulla, Brian Robinson, Sylvia Wood, Ignacia Holmes, and Aerin Jacob for their insightful comments on results and earlier versions of this article. This study was funded by the International Development and Research Centre (IDRC), the National Science and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (FQRNT), and the Theo Hills Family.
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Wilson, S.J., Coomes, O.T. & Dallaire, C.O. The ‘ecosystem service scarcity path’ to forest recovery: a local forest transition in the Ecuadorian Andes. Reg Environ Change 19, 2437–2451 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01544-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01544-1