Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of antibacterial photodynamic therapy on salivary mutans streptococci in 5- to 6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lasers in Medical Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (A-PDT) has been shown to kill oral bacteria in the planktonic culture, dental plaque, and biofilm. This study sought to assess the antimicrobial effect of A-PDT with toluidine blue O (TBO) and diode laser on salivary mutans streptococci in 5–6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries (SECC). This case-control study was conducted on 56 children with SECC divided into four groups, namely 0.1 mg/mL TBO, diode laser (633 nm, 20 mW, 6 J/cm2), combination of the two, and no intervention control group. A-PDT was performed on days 1 and 3. Salivary samples were collected before and after A-PDT on days 1 and 3, and 1 and 2 weeks after the second intervention (day 3). Samples were cultured on mitis salivarius agar, and after incubation, the colonies were counted. Data were subjected to repeated measures ANOVA, ANCOVA, and paired comparisons with least square difference and Tukey’s test. Bacterial count significantly decreased on days 1 and 3, and 1 and 2 weeks after the second intervention. Bacterial count also decreased following the use of TBO and laser separately, but these reductions were not significant (P > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, antimicrobial efficacy of TBO + laser was higher than that of diode laser or TBO alone. Durability of treatment increased with double-dose therapy. This modality may be used to decrease the colony count of salivary mutans streptococci in children with SECC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zou Z, Gao P, Yin H, Li Y (2008) Investigation of photodynamic therapy on streptococcus mutans of oral biofilm. Chin Opt Lett 6:947–949

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mohebbi SZ, Vitanen JI, VahidGolpayegani M, Vehkalati MM (2006) Early childhood caries and dental among 1–3-year-olds in Tehran, Iran. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 24:177–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Schorth RJ, More P, Brothwell DJ (2005) Prevalence of early childhood caries in 4 Manitoba communities. J Can Dent 71:567

    Google Scholar 

  4. Colak H, Dülgergil CT, Dalli M, Hamidi MM (2013) Early childhood caries update: a review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments. J Nat Sci Biol Med 4:29–38. https://doi.10.4103/0976-9668.107257

  5. Pinkham JR, Casamassimo PS, Fields HW, McTigue DJ, Nowak AJ (2005) Pediatric dentistry infancy through adolescence, 4th edn. Elsevier Saunders, Chap12, St. Louis, p 204

    Google Scholar 

  6. McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA (2004) Dentistry for child and adolescent, 8th edn. Mosby, Chap10, St. Louis, pp 209–210

    Google Scholar 

  7. Poureslami HR, Amerogen W (2009) Early childhood caries (ECC): an infectious transmissible oral disease. Indian J Pediatr 76:191–194. https://doi.10.1007/s12098-008-0216-1

  8. Ramos-Gomes FJ, Weintraub JA (2002) Bacterial, behavioral and environmental factors associated with early childhood caries. J Clin Pediatr Dent 26:165–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Azervedo TDPL, Bezerra ACB, Toledo OA (2005) Feeding habits and severe early childhood caries in Brazilian preschool children. Pediatr Dent 27:28–33

    Google Scholar 

  10. Clarke M, Lodker D, Berall G, Pencharz P, Kenny DJ, Judder P (2006) Malnourishment in a population of young children with severe early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent 28:154–159

    Google Scholar 

  11. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2003) Originating group and review council: policy on ECC: classification, consequences, and preventive strategies. Pediatr Dent 25:24–28

    Google Scholar 

  12. Zanin ICJ, Goncalves RB, Junior AB, Hope CK, Pratten J (2005) Susceptibility of streptococcus mutans biofilms to photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:324–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Robertson CA, Evans DH, Abrahamse H (2009) Photodynamic therapy (PDT): a short review on cellular mechanisms and cancer research applications for PDT. J Photochem Photobiol B 96:1–8. https://doi.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.04.001

  14. Hope C, Wilson M (2006) Induction of lethal photosensitization in biofilms using a confocal scanning laser as the excitation source. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:1227–1230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Garcez A, Ribeiro M, Tegos G, Nunez S, Jorge A, Hamblin M (2007) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy combined with conventional endodontic treatment to eliminate root canal biofilm infection. Lasers Surg Med 39:59–66

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Vahabi S, Fekrazad R, Ayremlou S, Taheri S, Lizarelli RFZ, Kalhori KAM (2011) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with two photosensitizers on two oral streptococci: an in vitro study. J Laser Phys 21:2132–2137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Paulino TP, Ribeiro KF, Thedei G (2005) Use of hand held photopolymerizer to photoinactivate streptococcus mutans. Arch Oral Biol 50:353–359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Zanin ICJ, Brugnera Junior A, Goncalves RB (2002) In vitro study of bactericidal effect of low level laser therapy in the presence of photosensitizer on cariogenic bacteria. Laser Dent 2:154–161

    Google Scholar 

  19. Santin GC, Oliveira DS, Galo R, Borsatto MC, Corona SA (2014) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and dental plaque: a systematic review of the literature. Sci World J 2014:824538. https://doi.10.1155/2014/824538

  20. Cieplik F, Tabenski L, Buchalla W, Maisch T (2014) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for inactivation of biofilms formed by oral key pathogens. Front Microbiol 5:405. https://doi.10.3389/fmicb.2014.00405

  21. Lee YH, Park HW, Lee JH, Seo HW, Lee SY (2012) The photodynamic therapy on Streptococcus mutans biofilms using erythrosine and dental halogen curing unit. Int J Oral Sci 4:196–201. https://doi.10.1038/ijos.2012.63

  22. Zanin ICJ, Lobo MM, Rodrigues LKA, Pimenta LAF, Hofling JF, Goncalves RB (2006) Photosensitization of in vitro biofilms by toluidine blue O combined with a light-emitting diode. Eur J Oral Sci 114:64–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Takasaki AA, Aoki A, Mizutani K, Schwarz F, Sculean A, Wang CY, Koshy G, Romanos G, Ishikawa I, Izumi Y (2009) Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and per-implant diseases. Periodontol 2002 51:109–140. https://doi.10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00302.x

  24. Kubler A (2005) Photodynamic therapy. Med Laser Appl 20:37–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Jebaramya J, Ilanchelian M, Prabahar S (2009) Spectral studies of toluidine blue O in the presence of sodium dodecyle sulfate. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct 4:789–797

    Google Scholar 

  26. Williams JA, Pearson GJ, Colles MJ, Wilson M (2004) The photo-activated antibacterial action of toluidine blue O in a collagen matrix and in carious dentine. Caries Res 38:530–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lima JP, Sampaio de Melo MA, Borges FM, Teixeira AH, Steiner-Oliveira C, Nobre Dos Santos M, Rodrigues LK, Zanin IC (2009) Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in an in situ model of dentine caries. Eur J Oral Sci 117:568–574. https://doi.10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00662.x

  28. Rolim JP, de-Melo MA, Guedes SF, Albuquerque-Filho FB, de Souza JR, Nogueira NA, Zanin IC, Rodrigues LK (2012) The antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans using different photosensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol B 106:40–46. https://doi.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.10.001

  29. Souza LC, Brito PR, de Oliveira JC, Alves FR, Moreira EJ, Sampaio-Filho HR, Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr (2010) Photodynamic therapy with two different photosensitizers as a supplement to instrumentation/irrigation procedures in promoting intracanal reduction of Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 36:292–296. https://doi.10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.041

  30. Konopka K, Goslinski T (2007) Photodynamic therapy in dentistry. J Dent Res 86:694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Seal G, Ng Y, Spratt D, Bhatti M, Gulabivala K (2002) An in vitro comparison of the bactericidal efficacy of lethal photosensitization or sodium hypochlorite irrigation on streptococcus intermedius biofilms in rootcanals. Int Endod J 35:268–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bonsor SJ, Nichol R, Reid TM, Pearson GJ (2006) Microbiological evaluation of photo-activated disinfection in endodontics (an in vivo study). Br Dent J 200:337–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wainwright M (2005) The development of phenothiaziniumphotosensitisers. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 2:263–272. https://doi.10.1016/S1572-1000(05)00110-9

  34. Wainwright M (1998) Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy [PACT]. J Antimicrob Chemother 42:13–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sharman WM, Allen CM, Van Lier JE (1999) Photodynamic therapeutic: basic and clinical applications. Drug Discov Today 4:507–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Usacheva M, Teichert M, Biel M (2001) Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative micro-organisms. Lasers Surg Med 29:165–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Sperandio FF, Huang YY, Hamblin MR (2013) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to kill Gram-negative bacteria. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 8:108–120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Merchat M, Bertolini G, Gaicomini P, Villanueva A, Jori G (1996) Meso-substituted porphyrins as efficient photosensitizers of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. J Photochem B 32:153–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wood S, Metcalf D, Devine D, Robinson C (2006) Erythrosine is a potential photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of oral plaque biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 57:680–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Akilov OE, O’Riordan K, Kosaka S, Hasan T (2006) Photodynamic therapy against intracellular pathogens: problems and potentials. Med Lasers Appl 21:251–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Souza RC, Junqueira JC, Rossoni RD, Pereira CA, Munin E, Jorge AO (2010) Comparison of the photodynamic fungicidal efficacy of methylene blue toluidine blue, malachite green and low-power laser irradiation alone against candida albicans. Lasers Med Sci 25:385–389. https://doi.10.1007/s10103-009-0706-z

  42. Khosravi JR, Moradinejad P (2008) Investigation of bactericidal effect of low level laser of gallium-aluminum-arsenide on cariogenic species on streptococci and lactobacillus. J Med Sci 8:579–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Fekrazad R, Bargrizan M, Sajad S (2011) Evaluation of the effect of photoactivated disinfection with Radachlorin against streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 8:249–253. https://doi.10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.03.337

  44. Nagata JY, Hioka N, Kimura E, Batistela VR, Terada RS, Graciano AX, Baesso ML, Hayacibara MF (2012) Antibacterial photodynamic therapy for dental caries: evaluation of the photosensitizers used and light source properties. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 9:122–131. https://doi.10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.11.006

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The authors would like to thank Dr. Mohamamd Javad Kharazifard for the statistical analysis of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dentistry Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Bargrizan & Niloofar Goudarzi

  2. Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty - Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Reza Fekrazad

  3. International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Reza Fekrazad

  4. Pediatric Dentist, Tehran, Iran

    Niloofar Goudarzi

  5. Oral Medicine, Dentistry Faculty, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nastaran Goudarzi

Authors
  1. Majid Bargrizan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Reza Fekrazad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Niloofar Goudarzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nastaran Goudarzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Reza Fekrazad.

Ethics declarations

The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University (acceptance number: 703).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bargrizan, M., Fekrazad, R., Goudarzi, N. et al. Effects of antibacterial photodynamic therapy on salivary mutans streptococci in 5- to 6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries. Lasers Med Sci 34, 433–440 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-2650-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-2650-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation