Abstract
Physicochemical characteristics and anti-oxidant capacities of seeds from two farm-cultivated and one mountain-cultivated ginsengs (Panax ginseng Meyer) (MG) were determined. The seeds had 17.9–22.1% (dry basis) crude lipids, 11.5–15.2% crude proteins, and 1.4–1.7% ash. Oleic acid (77.9–78.5%) was the predominant fatty acid in the seed oils, followed by linoleic acid (16.6–17.4%). The highest Hunter b value, carotenoids, (β + γ)-tocotrienol, and δ-tocotrienol, and the lowest α-tocotrienol were observed in the seed oils from MG. Squalene was also the most abundant in the MG seed oils. β-Sitosterol was the major phytosterol in the seed oils with MG the highest. Defatted seed meal extracts from MG possessed the most total phenolics and flavonoids, and the highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. These results suggest that MG seeds may be a novel source of functional foods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Xu XF, Cheng XL, Lin QH, Li SS, Jia Z, Han T, Lin RC, Wang D, Wei F, Li XR. Identification of mountain-cultivated ginseng and cultivated ginseng using UPLC/oa-TOF MSE with a multivariate statistical sample-profiling strategy. J. Ginseng Res. 40: 344–350 (2016)
Jung CH, Seog HM, Choi IW, Cho HY. Antioxidant activities of cultivated and wild Korean ginseng leaves. Food Chem. 92: 535–540 (2005)
Jang HY, Park HS, Kwon KR, Rhim TJ. A study on the comparison of antioxidant effects among wild ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and cultivated ginseng extracts. J. Pharmacopunct. 11: 67–78 (2008)
Kim HJ, Yoo KM, Lee S, Kim KT, Hwang IK. Physicochemical characteristics of various ginseng seeds. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 45: 274–278 (2013)
Lee CH, Nam KY, Choi KJ. Relationship between the age and chemical components of ginseng root’s portion (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 10: 263–268 (1978)
Zhu XM, Hu JN, Shin JA, Lee JH, Hong ST, Lee KT. Comparison of seed oil characteristics from Korean ginseng, Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). J. Food Sci. Nutr. 15: 275–281 (2010)
Beveridge THJ, Li TSC, Drover JCG. Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50: 744–750 (2002)
Kim JE, Lee S, Yoo KM, Lee KH, Kim KT, Lee MH, Hwang IK. Quality characteristics of ginseng seed oil obtained by different extraction methods. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 43: 439–445 (2014)
Galanakis CM. Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: Conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 26: 68–87 (2012)
Matthäus B. Antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from residues of different oilseeds. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50: 3444–3452 (2002)
Cho SA, Yoo KM, Lee S, Kim KT, Hwang IK. Quality characteristics of nutrition bar substituted with defatted ginseng seed meal. Korean J. Food Cook. Sci. 29: 249–256 (2013)
AOAC. Official Method of Analysis of AOAC. 15th ed. Method 958.05, 963.15, 970.22, 972.15. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA (1990)
AOCS. Official Methods and recommended practices of the AOCS. 6th ed. Method Ce 2-66. American Oil Chemists’ Society. Champaign, IL, USA (2009)
Gliszczyńska-Świgło A, Sikorska E. Simple reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for determination of tocopherols in edible plant oils. J. Chromatogr. A 1048: 195–198 (2004)
Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidant substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Method Enzymol. 299: 152–178 (1999)
Jiang P, Burczynski F, Campbell C, Pierce G, Austria JA, Briggs CJ. Rutin and flavonoid contents in three buckwheat species Fagopyrum esculentum, F. tataricum, and F. homotropicum and their protective effects against lipid peroxidation. Food Res. Int. 40: 356–364 (2007)
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 28: 25–30 (1995)
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Bio. Med. 26: 1231–1237 (1999)
Ong ASH, Tee ES. Natural sources of carotenoids from plant and oils. Method Enzymol. 213: 142–167 (1992)
Ameny MA, Wilson PW. Relationship between Hunter color values and β-carotene contents in white-fleshed African sweetpotatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam). J. Sci. Food Agr. 73: 301–306 (1997)
Minguez-Mosquera MI, Rejano-Navarro L, Gandul-Rojas B, SanchezGomez AH, Garrido-Fernandez J. Color-pigment correlation in virgin olive oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68: 332–336 (1991)
Maskan M. Change in colour and rheological behaviour of sunflower seed oil during frying and after adsorbent treatment of used oil. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 218: 20–25 (2003)
Ehrenbergerová J, Belcrediová N, Prýma J, Vaculová K, Newman CW. Effect of cultivar, year grown, and cropping system on the content of tocopherols and tocotrienols in grains of hulled and hulless barley. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 61: 145–150 (2006)
Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P. Effects of different origins in harvesting time on vitamin C, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in sea buckthorn (Hippohaë rhamnoides) berries. J. Agr. Food Chem. 50: 6136–6142 (2002)
Matthaus B, Özcan MM. Lipid evaluation of cultivated and wild carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seed oil growing in Turkey. Sci. Hortic. 130: 181–184 (2011)
Catchpole OJ, Kamp JCV, Grey JB. Extraction of squalene from shark liver oil in a packed column using supercritical carbon dioxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36: 4318–4324 (1997)
Newmark HL. Squalene, olive oil, and cancer risk: review and hypothesis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 889: 193–203 (1999)
Ryan E, Galvin K, O’Connor TP, Maguire AR, O’Brien NM. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 62: 85–91 (2007)
Chirinos R, Pedreschi R, Domínguez G, Campos D. Comparison of the physico-chemical and phytochemical characteristics of the oil of two Plukenetia species. Food Chem. 173: 1203–1206 (2015)
Sivakumar G, Bati CB, Perri E, Uccella N. Gas chromatography screening of bioactive phytosterols from mono-cultivar olive oils. Food Chem. 95: 525–528 (2006)
Wie MJ, Jang SH, Jeong MR, Yoon JM, Jeong HS, Lee JS. Analysis of phytosterol and fatty acid compositions of grape seeds produced in Korea. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 38: 525–528 (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, Y.J., Lee, Y., Kim, J. et al. Physicochemical characteristics and anti-oxidant activities of farm-cultivated and mountain-cultivated ginseng seeds. Food Sci Biotechnol 27, 1257–1264 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0363-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0363-8