Abstract
The design of an offshore monopile is generally governed by its accumulated response to lateral cyclic load, e.g., loads induced by winds and waves. In order to investigate the characteristic of this accumulated response, a user subroutine of degradation stiffness model (DSM) is developed and incorporated into a commercial finite difference program. Based on this program, the effect of load character, pile embedded length, and load eccentricity on the displacement development of monopile is quantified, and the applicability and reliability of the two most used models, power function model, and logarithmic function model, for the prediction of accumulated pile displacement are evaluated. Based on the numerical results, a design model which accounts for the influence of number of loading cycles, load amplitudes, and pile embedded length on the accumulated pile displacement is proposed. The proposed design model is validated against measurements from the field test on scaled monopile driven in dense sand deposit, which proves the validity of the recommended design in this paper.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achmus M, Kuo Y-S, Abdel-Rahman K (2009) Behavior of monopile foundations under cyclic lateral load. Comput Geotech 36(5):725–735
Ahmed SS, Hawlader B (2016) Numerical analysis of large-diameter monopiles in dense sand supporting offshore wind turbines. Int J Geomech 16(5):04016018
API (2011) Geotechnical and foundation design considerations, ANSI/API RP 2GEO, 1st edn. American Petroleum Institute Publishing Services, Washington
Bienen B, Duhrkop J, Grabe J, Randolph MF, White DJ (2012) Response of piles with wings to monotonic and cyclic lateral loading in sand. J Geotech Geoenviron 138(3):364–375
Bolton MD (1986) The strength and dilatancy of sands. Geotechnique 36(1):65–78
Carswell W, Arwade SR, DeGroot DJ, Myers AT (2016) Natural frequency degradation and permanent accumulated rotation for offshore wind turbine monopiles in clay. Renew Energy 97:319–330
Depina I, Hue Le TM, Eiksund G, Benz T (2015) Behavior of cyclically loaded monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines in heterogeneous sands. Comput Geotech 65:266–277
Dewaikar DM, Padmavathi SV, Salimath RS (2008) Ultimate lateral load of a pile in soft clay under cyclic loading. Proc 12th IACMAG: Geomechanics in the Emerging Social & Technological Age, 1-6 October 2008. Goa, India, pp 3498–3507
DNV (2014) DNV-OS-J101: Design of offshore wind turbine structures. Det Norske Veritas, Oslo
Garnier J (2013) Advances in lateral cyclic pile design: contribution of the SOLCYP project. In Puech A: Proc TC 209 Workshop 18th ICSMGE-Design for cyclic loading: piles and other foundations. Paris, pp 59–68
Huurman M (1996) Development of traffic induced permanent strain in concrete block pavements. Heron 41(1):29–52
Kirwan L (2015) Investigation into ageing mechanisms for axially loaded piles driven in sand. Dissertation, University College, Dublin
Klinkvort RT, Hededal O (2013) Lateral response of monopile supporting an offshore wind turbine. Proc ICE - Geotech Eng 166(2):147–158
Klinkvort RT, Hededal O (2014) Effect of load eccentricity and stress level on monopile support for offshore wind turbines. Can Geotech J 51(9):966–974
Kuo Y, Achmus M, Abdel-Rahman K (2012) Minimum embedded length of cyclic horizontally loaded monopiles. J Geotech Geoenviron 138(3):357–363
Leblanc C, Houlsby GT, Byrne BW (2010) Response of stiff piles in sand to long-term cyclic lateral loading. Geotechnique 60(2):79–90
Li W, Gavin K, Doherty P (2013) Experimental investigation on the lateral load capacity of monopiles in dense sand. Proc 38th Annual Conference on Deep Foundations. Phoenix, AZ, pp 67-75
Li W, Igoe D, Gavin K (2015) Field tests to investigate the cyclic response of monopiles in sand. Proc ICE-Geotech Eng 168(GE5):407–421
Li W, Zhu B, Yang M (2017) Static response of monopile to lateral load in over-consolidated dense sand. J Geotech Geoenviron. 143(7): 04017026. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001698
Little RL, Briaud J-L (1988) Full scale cyclic lateral load tests on six single piles in sands. Texas A&M University, College Station
Long JH, Vanneste G (1994) Effects of cyclic lateral loads on piles in sand. J Geotech Eng 120(1):225–244
Peralta P (2010) Investigation on the behaviour of large diameter piles under long-term lateral cyclic loading in cohesionless soil. Civil Engineering and Geodetic Science. Dissertation, Leibniz University, Hannover
Rajashree SS, Sundaravadivelu R (1996) Degradation model for one-way cyclic lateral load on piles in soft clay. Comput Geotech 19(4):289–300
Randolph MF (1981) The response of flexible piles to lateral loading. Geotechnique 31(2):247–259
Reese LC, Cox WR, Koop FD (1974) Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand. Offshore Technology in Civil Engineering Hall of Fame Papers from the Early Years, pp 95–105
Tolooiyan A, Gavin K (2011) Modelling the cone penetration test in sand using cavity expansion and arbitrary lagrangian eulerian finite element methods. Comput Geotech 38(4):482–490
Verdure L, Garnier J, Levacher D (2003) Lateral cyclic loading of single piles in sand. Int J Phys Model Geotech 3(3):17–28
Yang M, Ge B, Li W, Zhu B (2016) Dimension effect on P-y model used for design of laterally loaded piles. Procedia Eng 143:598–606
Zdravković L Taborda DMG, Potts DM et al. (2015) Numerical modelling of large diameter piles under lateral loading for offshore wind applications. The Third International Symposium of Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2015). Oslo, Norway, pp 759–764
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the funding received from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41372274 and No. 41502273) and from Program for Young Excellent Talents in Tongji University (Grant No. 2015KJ009) for supporting this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, M., Luo, R. & Li, W. Numerical study on accumulated deformation of laterally loaded monopiles used by offshore wind turbine. Bull Eng Geol Environ 77, 911–921 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1138-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1138-9