Abstract
Dispersive soils have caused failure of many slopes and earth fills due to external and internal erosion. This study aims to investigate various factors used for identification of dispersivity and to develop some new approaches for the prediction of dispersivity of clays. To achieve this purpose, physical and index properties, as well as degree of dispersivity of 29 clay samples taken from five different locations in and around the city of Ankara were determined. Various statistical prediction models were used for prediction of new dispersivity classes obtained by weighting ranking method. It was determined that dispersivity classes obtained from physical and chemical dispersivity tests performed on the same clay samples using distilled water were different from each other. In addition, crumb and pinhole tests were performed by using test waters with varying TDS values on five selected samples to find the impact of water chemistry on dispersivity. It is concluded from all dispersivity tests that total dissolved salts (TDS) values and sodium percentage (SP) remarkably affect the degree of dispersivity, and the use of these two parameters give more reliable results for the determination of dispersivity. By considering all these facts and to predict the most reliable dispersivity class, all dispersivity classes obtained from physical and chemical dispersivity tests were reevaluated by a weighted ranking system, and new dispersivity classes were assigned. In order to estimate these new dispersivity classes, various statistical models were established by using results of chemical analysis of pore water of clay samples. For this purpose, prediction models including soft computing methods such as decision tree and logistic regression are used and most reliable prediction models having the highest prediction performance are suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aitchison GD, Wood CC (1965) Some interactions of compaction, permeability and post-construction deflocculation affecting the probability of piping failures in small dams, Proceedings, 6th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Montreal, Canada, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol II, 442
Akgun A, Bulut F (2007) GIS-based landslide susceptibility for Arsin-Yomra (Trabzon, North Turkey) region. Environ Geol 51:1377–1387
Akpınar H (2000) Knowledge Discovery in databases and data mining. IU Journal of Faculty of Business V: 29, S: 1 April, 1–22 (in Turkish)
ASTM D4318 (2000) Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index of soils. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Soil and rock, Building stones, Section-4, Construction, V.04.08, ASTM Publication, 972
ASTM D698 (2000) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Soil and rock, Building stones, Section-4, Construction, V.04.08, ASTM Publication, 972
ASTM D4221 (2000) Standard test methods for dispersive characteristics of clay soil by double hydrometer. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Soil and rock, Building stones, Section-4, Construction, V.04.08, ASTM Publication, 972
ASTM D6572 (2000) Standard test methods for determining dispersive characteristics of clayey soil by the crumb test. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Soil and rock, Building stones, Section-4, Construction, V.04.08, ASTM Publication, 972
ASTM D4647 (2000) Standard test methods for determining dispersive characteristics of clayey soil by the crumb test. Annual Book of ASTM Standards Soil and rock, Building stones, Section-4, Construction, V.04.08, ASTM Publication, 972
Aydın MC, Aydın S (2006) The importance of dispersive clay in terms of the construction of embankment dams. Clay Sci Technol J 1:49–54 (in Turkish)
Bell FG, Maud RR (1994) Dispersive soils: a review from a South African perspective. Q J Eng Geol 27:195–210
Bell FG, Walker DJH (2000) A further examination of the nature of dispersive soils in Natal, South Africa. Quart J Eng Geol Hydrogeol 33:187–199
Bhuvaneshwari S, Soundara B (2007) Stabilization and microstructural of dispersive clayey soils, First International Conference on Soil and Rock Engineering by Srilonkon Geotechnical Society, Coulumb, Srilanka, August 5–11
Bounsaythip C, Esa RR (2001) Overview of data mining for customer behavior modeling, VTT Information Technology Research Report, version: 1, 1–53
Copur M (1972) General economic and geological prospecting report of Ankara clay facility: Compilation No. 4914–94 s (in Turkish not published)
DSİ (2000a) Report of reclamation works of Afyon-Tinaztepe Pond, DSI XVII Regional Directorate, Isparta (in Turkish)
DSİ (2000b) Guide for water and soil analyses, Ankara (in Turkish)
Emerson WW (1967) A classification of soil aggregates based on their coherence in water. Aust J Soil Res 5:47–57
Erol O (1956) A research on the geology of the environment of Elmadağ in southeast of Ankara region MTA Institute, Series D, No. 9, 99 s (in Turkish)
Fernando J (2010) Effect of water quality on the dispersive characteristics of soil found in Morwell area, Victoria, Australia. Geotech Geol Eng 28:835–850
Gerber A, Harmse HJ (1987) Proposed procedure for identification of dispersive soils by chemical testing. Civil Eng S Afr 29:397–399
Gündogdu MN (1982) Geological, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of Neogene aged Bigadic sedimentary basin. PhD thesis, Hacettepe University, Institute of Geosciences
Haliburton TA, TM Petry, ML Hayden (1975) Identification and treatment of dispersive clay soils, Report to Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, pp. 12–13
Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied logistic regression, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, p 428
IBM (2011) Statistical package for social sciences, Property of IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY, IBM Corp
ICCD (1993) Mineral powder diffraction file databook sets 1–42, International Centre for diffraction data
Ingles OG, Wood CC (1964a) The contribution of soil and water cations to deflocculation phenomena in earth dams, Proceedings, 37th Congress of Australian and New Zealand Assoc. for the Advancement of Sciences, Canberra, Australia, January
Kasapoğlu KE (2000) Geotechnical characteristics and seismicity of the city of Ankara ground. Chamber of Geological Engineers Publication No. 54, 180 p
Knodel PC (1991) Characteristics and problems of dispersive clay soils, USBR Materials Engineering Branch, Report no: R-91-09, 17, Denver
Ma Y (1998) Data Warehousing, OLAP and data mining: an integrated strategy for use at FAA, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mitchell JK (1976) Fundamentals of soil behavior. Wiley, New York, p 560
Nontananandh S, Thongmit C, Jotikansa A, Suriyavanagul P, Chantawaran K (2006) A preliminary study of dispersive soil erosions of reservoirs and road embankments in Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon province campus, Kasetsart University Project, 1–10
Resendiz D (1977) Relevance of Atterberg limits in evaluating piping and breaching potential, dispersive clays, related piping and erosion in geotechnical projects. ASTM 623:341–353
Roiger JR, Geatz MW (2003) Data mining a tutorial-based primer. Addison Wesley, Boston, p 150
Savas H, Tosun H (2009) Improvement and comparative analysis of pinhole test which is used for the determination of dispersive soils, Eskisehir Osmangazi University (ESOGU). J Eng Archit Fac XXII:2 (in Turkish)
Sherard JL, Decker RS (1977) Dispersive clays related piping, and erosion in Geotechnical Projects, STP 623. ASTM, Philadelphia
Sherard JL, Decker RS, Ryker NL (1972) Piping in earth dams of dispersive clays, Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Performance of Earth and Earth-Supported Structures, ASCE, Vol1, part 1, pp 584–626
Sherard JL, Dunnigan LP, Decker RS, Steele EF (1976a) Pinhole test for identifying dispersive soils. J Geotech Eng Division ASCE 102:69–85
Sherard JL, Dunnigan LP, Decker RS (1976b) Identification and nature of dispersive soils. J Geotech Eng Division ASCE 102:287–301
Steele EF (1976) Characteristics and identification of dispersive clay soils, Annual Meeting of American Society of Agricultural Engineers
Suzen ML (2002) Data driven landslide hazard assessment using geographical information systems and remote sensing. PhD. thesis, Middle East Technical University, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Ankara
Temel A, Gundogdu MN (1996) Zeolite occurrences and the erionite-mesothelioma relationship in Cappadocia, central Anatolia, Turkey. Miner Deposita 31:539–547
Tosun H (1994) Dispersive clay from earthfill dams point of view and works of DSI, 5th National Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Congress, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish)
Tosun H (1997) Comparative study on physical tests of dispersibility of soils used for earth fill dams in Turkey. ASTM Geotech Test J 20(2):242–251
Tosun H, Savas H (2001) Assessment of dispersibility of low plasticity clays using various methods, Eskisehir Osmangazi University (ESOGU). J Eng Archit Fac XIV:2 (in Turkish)
TS 1900–2/T1 (2006) Soil tests in civil engineering, Institute of Turkish Standards (in Turkish)
USBR 5410–89 (1989) Determining dispersibility of clayey soils by the pinhole test method, Earth Manual II, United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, pp 425–437
van Olphen H (1963) An introduction to clay colloid chemistry. Interscience Publishers, New York, p 301
Volk GM (1937) Method of determination of the degree of dispersion of the clay fraction of soils. Proc Soil Sci Soc Am 2:561
Zorluer I (2003) Comparison of dispersive clays and identification methods in terms of earth fill embankment dams, Phd thesis, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Institute of Science
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Turgut, A., Isik, N.S. & Kasapoglu, K.E. Investigation of factors affecting the dispersibility of clays and estimation of dispersivity. Bull Eng Geol Environ 76, 1051–1073 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0935-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-016-0935-x