Abstract
In this work, several shaking table tests are conducted to investigate the seismic responses of a large subway station in various liquefied soil conditions. Different liquefaction states are modeled for the soil foundation by inputting different earthquake intensities. According to the test results, when the lateral soil layer surrounding the underground structure is partly liquefied, the cumulative residual deformations of the subway station are much greater than those in either non-liquefied or completely liquefied ground, which is mainly as a result of the large unrecoverable lateral deformation of the partially liquefied ground. Additionally, when the surrounding lateral soil layer is completely liquefied, the subway station structure experiences significant uplift. When only the soil layer near the upper wall is liquefied, large residual dynamic soil pressures on the sidewall are observed at the end of the test. In addition, the strain distribution rules of the underground structure are clearly altered in the presence of different states of soil liquefaction. These new findings can be used as a basis for evaluating the seismic risk of large underground structures in liquefiable ground.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Azadi M, Mir Mohammad Hosseini SM (2010) The uplifting behavior of shallow tunnels within the liquefiable soils under cyclic loadings. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 25(8):158–167
Bardet JP, Kapuskar M (1993) Liquefactions and boils in San Francisco during 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 119(3):543–562
Berna U (2014) 3D liquefaction assessment of soils surrounding circular tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 40:85–94
Chang DD, Travasarou T, Chacko J (2008) Numerical evaluation of liquefaction-induced uplift for an immersed tunnel. The 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China, Paper No. 06-0085
Chen GX, Liu XZ (2009) Undrained cyclic behaviors of Nanjing flake-shaped fine sand under cyclic loading. Chin J Geotech Eng 31(10):1498–1504
Chen ZY, Shen H (2014) Dynamic centrifuge tests on isolation mechanism of tunnels subjected to seismic shaking. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 42:67–77
Chen GX, Wang ZH, Zuo X, Gao HM (2014a) Shaking table test on the seismic failure characteristics of a subway station structure on liquefiable ground. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 42(10):1489–1507
Chen ZY, Yu HT, Yuan Y (2014b) Full 3D seismic analysis of a long-distance water conveyance tunnel. Struct Infrastruct Eng 10(1):128–140
Hamada M, Isoyama R, Wakamatsu K (1996) Liquefaction induced ground displacement and its related damage to lifeline facilities. Soils Foundations 36(1):81–97
Liu XZ, Chen GX (2003) Experimental study on influence of clay particle content on liquefaction of Nanjing fine sand. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 23(3):150–155
Liu GL, Song EX, Liu HB, Gong CL (2008) Dynamic centrifuge tests on seismic response of tunnel in saturated sandy ground. Rock Soil Mech 29(8):2070–2076
Nakamura S, Yoshida N, Iwatate T (1996) Damage to Daikai Subway Station during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake and its investigation. Jpn Soc Civ Eng Comm Earthq Eng 2151:287–295
Okhovat MR, Maekawa K (2009). Seismic performance of large underground structures in unsaturated and liquefiable soils. Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Conference, TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment, ASCE
Philip JM (1998) Shaking table scale model tests of nonlinear soil-pile-superstructure interaction in soft clay. University of California, Berkeley
Sun R, Yuan XM (2004) Effect of soil liquefaction on response spectrum of surface acceleration. World Earthq Eng 20(3):33–38
Tokimatsu K, Asaka Y (1998) Effects of liquefaction-induced ground displacements on pile performance in the 1995 Hyogoken–Nambu earthquake. Soils and Foundations Special Issue No. 2, pp 163–177
Youd TL, Carter BL (2005) Influence of soil softening and liquefaction on spectral acceleration. J Geotech Geoenvironmental Eng 131(7):811–825
Youssef MA, Hashash JJ, Hook BS et al (2001) Seismic design and analysis of underground structures. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16:247–293
Zhuang HY, Long H, Chen GX (2012) Analysis on the earthquake responses of the liquefaction ground around the subway station. Chin J Geotech Eng 34(1):81–88
Zhuang HY, Hu ZH, Chen GX (2015a) Numerical modeling on the seismic responses of a large underground structure in soft ground. J Vibro Eng 17(2):802–815
Zhuang HY, Hu ZH, Wang XJ, Chen GX (2015) Seismic responses of a large underground structure in liquefied soils by FEM numerical modelling. Bull Earthq Eng (accepted, in publication)
Acknowledgments
This research is funded by research projects under the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51278246), whose support is gratefully acknowledged. All statements, results, and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSFC. The authors would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhuang, H., Chen, G., Hu, Z. et al. Influence of soil liquefaction on the seismic response of a subway station in model tests. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75, 1169–1182 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0777-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0777-y