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Effect of irrigation on a deep aquifer: a case study from the semi-arid Harran Plain, GAP Project, Turkey

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Abstract

Inappropriate irrigation practices are responsible for the deterioration of groundwater quality in a great number of developing countries, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. The study was undertaken to determine the variation in groundwater quality of a deep aquifer after surface irrigation was started in the semi-arid Harran Plain, southeast Turkey. Physical and chemical parameters of the groundwater, including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, sulphate and nitrate, were determined on a monthly basis from November 2008 to July 2009. The quality of the deep aquifer was assessed hydrochemically in order to determine its suitability for human consumption and agricultural purposes. With the exception of two wells, the measured and analyzed parameters in all the groundwater samples were below the internationally accepted maximum concentrations for human consumption and for agricultural purposes. The study identified a local contamination as a consequence of excess irrigation, high evaporation rates and drainage. It is hoped that the results will assist planners in the proper design and control of irrigation schemes to avoid further deterioration of these important aquifers.

Résumé

Des pratiques d’irrigation inappropriées sont responsables de la détérioration de la qualité des eaux souterraines dans un grand nombre de pays en développement, particulièrement dans les régions de climat semi-aride et aride. L’étude a été entreprise afin de déterminer l’évolution de la qualité de l’eau souterraine d’un aquifère profond après que des travaux d’irrigation aient débuté dans la plaine semi-aride de Harran dans le sud-est de la Turquie. Des paramètres physiques et chimiques de l’eau souterraine, comportant le pH, la température, la conductivité électrique, les teneurs en sodium, potassium, calcium, magnésium, chlorures, bicarbonates, sulfates et nitrates ont été déterminés sur un base mensuelle de novembre 2008 à juillet 2009. La qualité de l’eau de l’aquifère profond a été évaluée sur le plan hydrochimique afin de déterminer son utilisation possible pour la consommation humaine et des usages agricoles. Avec l’exception de deux puits, les paramètres mesurés et analysés dans tous les échantillons d’eau ont été inférieurs aux concentrations maximum acceptées internationalement pour la consommation humaine et les usages agricoles. L’étude a identifié une contamination locale due à une irrigation excessive, des taux d’évaporation élevés et des pratiques de drainage particulières. On espère que les résultats obtenus aideront les planificateurs responsables de la conception et du contrôle des schémas d’irrigation et permettront d’éviter de futures altérations de ces importants aquifères.

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Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Committee of Harran University (HÜBAK) under Grant no. 875. The authors thank Dr. Erkan Sahinkaya whose comments significantly improved this manuscript.

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Correspondence to M. Irfan Yesilnacar.

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Yesilnacar, M.I., Yenigun, I. Effect of irrigation on a deep aquifer: a case study from the semi-arid Harran Plain, GAP Project, Turkey. Bull Eng Geol Environ 70, 213–221 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0299-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0299-6

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