Skip to main content
Log in

Engineering behaviour of clay-bearing calcium sulphate in Dammam Dome, eastern Saudi Arabia

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Most local formations in eastern Saudi Arabia contain variable amounts of clay in calcium sulphate hence an understanding of the engineering behaviour of these materials is a prerequisite for construction. Based on laboratory investigations of field samples, this paper describes the behaviour of clay-bearing calcium sulphate. Results indicated that water intake of anhydrite and gypsum correlated well with crystallization water of the two minerals. The index and swelling properties followed a linear trend with a change in clay content. The swelling potential and the swelling pressure measured 8% and 245 kPa for anhydrite and 1.4% and 56 kPa for gypsum. Surface hydration of clays was the dominant swelling mechanism in the investigated materials with phase transformation partly contributing to swelling in clay-bearing anhydrite.

Résumé

La plupart des formations évaporitiques de l’est de l’Arabie saoudite contiennent des quantités variables d’argiles. Il est nécessaire de bien comprendre le comportement géotechnique de ces matériaux. Sur la base de travaux de laboratoire sur des échantillons naturels, l’article décrit le comportement d’anhydrite et de gypse contenant des argiles. Les résultats indiquent que la prise d’eau de ces matériaux est bien corrélée avec l’eau de cristallisation des minéraux présents. Les indices géotechniques et les propriétés de gonflement dépendent linéairement de la teneur en argiles. Le potentiel de gonflement et la pression de gonflement sont respectivement de 8% et de 245 kPa pour l’anhydrite et de 1,4% et 56 kPa pour le gypse. L’hydratation superficielle des minéraux argileux représente le processus dominant de gonflement pour les matériaux concernés, des transformations minéralogiques contribuant au gonflement pour l’anhydrite contenant des argiles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abduljauwad SN (1994) Swelling behaviour of calcareous clays from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Q J Eng Geol 27:333–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aiban SA (2006) Compressibility and swelling characteristics of Al-Khobar Palygorskite, eastern Saudi Arabia. Eng Geol 87(3–4):205–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Refeai T, Al-Ghamdy D (1994) Geological and geotechnical aspects of Saudi Arabia. Geotech Geol Eng 12:253–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Shayea NA (2000) Inherent heterogeneity of sediments in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia—a case study. Eng Geol 56(3–4):305–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam S (2007a) Study on the geological and engineering aspects of anhydrite/gypsum transition in the Arabian Gulf coastal deposits. Bull Eng Geol Environ 66(2):177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azam S (2007b) Study on the swelling behaviour of blended clay-sand soils. Geotech Geol Eng 25(3):369–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell FG (1993) Engineering geology. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Casagrande A (1948) Classification and identification of soils. Trans ASCE 113:901–930

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke RU, Groudie AS, Doornkamp JC (1978) Middle East, review and bibliography of geomorphological contributions. Q J Eng Geol 11:9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dakshanamanty V, Raman V (1973) A simple method of identifying an expansive soil, soils and foundations. Jap Soc Soil Mech Found Eng 13(1):97–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Erol AO, Dhowian A (1990) Swell behaviour of arid climate shales from Saudi Arabia. Q J Eng Geol 23:243–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holtz WG, Kovacs WD (1981) An introduction to geotechnical engineering. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasprzyk A (1995) Gypsum to anhydrite transition in the Miocene of southern Poland. J Sediment Res A 65(2):348–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent PE (1978) Middle East—the geological background. Q J Eng Geol 11:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low PF (1980) The swelling of clay: montmorillonites. J Soil Sc Am 44:667–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behaviour, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sposito G (1984) The surface chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Testa G, Lugli S (2000) Gypsum-anhydrite transformations in Messinian evaporites of central Tuscany (Italy). Sediment Geol 130(3):249–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tleel JW (1973) Surface geology of the Dammam Dome, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Bull Am Assoc Petroleum Geol 57(3):558–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Weijermars R (1999) Surface geology, lithostratigraphy, and Tertiary growth of the Dammam Dome, Saudi Arabia. A new guide. GeoArabia 4(2):199–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittke W (1990) Rock mechanics, theory and applications with case histories. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Yong RN (1999) Soil suction and soil water potentials in swelling clays in engineered clay barriers. Eng Geol 54(1–2):3–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanbak C, Arthur RC (1986) Geochemical and engineering aspects of anhydrite/gypsum phase transitions. Bull Int Assoc Eng Geol 13(4):419–433

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to the laboratory and computing facilities provided by King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia and the University of Regina, Canada. Thanks to Mr. Hasan Z. Saleh for help during this research work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shahid Azam.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Azam, S. Engineering behaviour of clay-bearing calcium sulphate in Dammam Dome, eastern Saudi Arabia. Bull Eng Geol Environ 67, 521–528 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0167-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-008-0167-9

Keywords

Mots clés

Navigation