Abstract
The measurement of automated and fast focusing on the improvement of speed and accuracy is an important issue in industrial inspection and biomedical microscopy. In this study, we developed a novel optical imaging system in which varifocal lenses are used to characterize the 3D surface topography of samples. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated using twelve focusing algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system in the near real-time construction of multi-focus fusion images with large depth of field from which to derive 3D surface profiles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Huang, W., Jing, Z.: Evaluation of focus measures in multi-focus image fusion. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 28(4), 493–500 (2007)
Casutt, S., Bueeler, M., Blum, M., Aschwanden, M.: Fast and precise continuous focusing with focus tunable lenses. Proc. SPIE 8982, 89820Y (2014)
Wang, W., Chang, F.: A multi-focus image fusion method based on Laplacian pyramid. J. Comput. 6(12), 2559–2566 (2011)
Weng, C.J., Lu, B.L., Cheng, P.Y., Hwang, C.H., Chen, C.Y.: Measuring the thickness of transparent objects using a confocal displacement sensor. In: IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 978–1001, 2017
Fan, C.L., Weng, C.J., Lin, Y.H., Cheng, P.Y.: Surface profiling measurement using varifocal lens based on focus stacking. In: IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings , pp. 1614–1618, 2018
Ye, Z.J., Hwang, C.H., Cheng, P.Y., Chen, C.Y., Weng, C.J.: Rapid displacement sensor based on fitting scan. In: IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 1–6, 2016
Weng, C.J., Lan, T.H., Hwang, C.H., Liu, D.R., Chen, C.Y., Cheng, P.Y., Hsu, K.Y.: Confocal displacement sensor with varifocal lens. In: IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 2434–2439, 2015
Mateos-Pérez, J.M., Redondo, R., Nava, R., Valdiviezo, J.C., Cristobal, G., Escalante-Ramirez, B.: Comparative evaluation of autofocus algorithms for a real-time system for automatic detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cytometry Part A 81(3), 213–221 (2012)
Li, S., Kwok, J., Wang, Y.: Combination of images with diverse focuses using the spatial frequency. Inf. Fusion 2(3), 169–176 (2001)
Li, S., Kwok, J.T., Wang, Y.: Multifocus image fusion using artificial neural networks. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 23(8), 985–997 (2002)
Blum, M., Bueeler, M., Graetzel, C., Aschwanden, M.: Compact optical design solutions using focus tunable lenses. Proc. SPIE 8167, 81670W (2011)
Liu, S., Hua, H.: Extended depth-of-field microscopic imaging with a variable focus microscope objective. Opt. Express 19(1), 353–362 (2011)
Jabbour, J.M., Malik, B.H., Olsovsky, C., Cuenca, R., Cheng, S., Jo, J.A., Maitland, K.C.: Optical axial scanning in confocal microscopy using an electrically tunable lens. Biomed. Opt. Express 5(2), 645–652 (2014)
Fahrbach, F.O., Voigt, F.F., Schmid, B., Helmchen, F., Huisken, J.: Rapid 3D light-sheet microscopy with a tunable lens. Opt. Express 21(18), 21010–21026 (2013)
Subbarao, M., Choi, T., Nikzad, A.: Focusing techniques. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1823, 163–174 (1992)
Nayar, S.K., Nakagawa, Y.: Shape from focus. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 16(8), 824–831 (1994)
Yazdanfar, S., Kenny, K.B., Tasimi, K., Corwin, A.D., Dixon, E.L., Filkins, R.J.: Simple and robust image-based autofocusing for digital microscopy. Opt. Express 16(12), 8670–8677 (2008)
Popowicz, A., Radlak, K., Bernacki, K., Orlov, V.: Review of image quality measures for solar imaging. Sol. Phys. 292(12), 187–192 (2017)
Acknowledgements
This work was sponsored in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, R.O.C. under contract numbers MOST 106-2622-E-492-004-CC3 and 107-2221-E-492-024-MY3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, CY., Wang, L., Fan, CL. et al. Surface profiling of object using varifocal lens with image contrast. Opt Rev 26, 493–499 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-019-00539-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10043-019-00539-x