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Review: Approaches to groundwater exploration and resource evaluation in the crystalline basement aquifers of Zimbabwe

Revue: Approches pour l’exploration des eaux souterraines et l’évaluation de la ressource des aquifères de socle du Zimbabwe

Revisión: Enfoques para la exploración y evaluación de los recursos de aguas subterráneas en acuíferos del basamento cristalino de Zimbabwe

综述:津巴布韦结晶基岩含水层地下水勘查和资源评价方法

Revisão: Abordagens para a exploração de águas subterrâneas e avaliação de recursos nos aquíferos do embasamento cristalino do Zimbábue

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Abstract

Assessment of the groundwater potential of crystalline basement aquifers is challenging. These systems can be highly spatially variable, as indicated by the drilling of numerous dry boreholes and seasonal variation in discharge rates. This paper reviews methodologies applied for the evaluation of groundwater occurrence and yield estimation in the crystalline basement aquifers of Zimbabwe. These aquifers underlie much of the country and are described in terms of low yield owing to low recharge potential in the semiarid climate. In such regions, exploitable groundwater forms a strategic supply of potable water used to meet the socio-economic needs of the local population. Case studies are used to show how remote sensing and geophysical methods are integrated to improve borehole success rates in the basement aquifers of Zimbabwe. Potential threats to groundwater resources and quality within crystalline basement aquifers are discussed. It can be concluded that major issues remain to be addressed if sustainable use of the water resources of crystalline basement aquifers in Zimbabwe is to be achieved, especially with respect to borehole-siting approaches and prevention of groundwater contamination. The key recommendation is to address the paucity of primary groundwater monitoring data within the crystalline basement aquifers at the national level, thereby creating a technical groundwater management framework.

Résumé

L’évaluation des potentialités en eau souterraine des aquifères de socle reste difficile. Ces systèmes peuvent être très variables spatialement, tel qu’indiqué par l’existence de nombreux forages secs et les variations saisonnières des débits de pompage. Cet article examine les méthodologies mises en œuvre pour l’évaluation de la présence d’eau souterraine et l’estimation de la productivité dans les aquifères de socle du Zimbabwe. Ces aquifères sont présents sur une large partie du pays et sont décrits comme peu productifs à cause d’un potentiel de recharge limité en contexte de climat semi-aride. Dans ces régions, l’eau souterraine exploitable constitue une source d’approvisionnement en eau potable stratégique pour satisfaire les besoins socio-économiques des populations locales. Les cas d’étude sont utilisés pour montrer comment la télédétection et les méthodes géophysiques sont intégrées pour améliorer les taux de succès des forages dans les aquifères du socle du Zimbabwe. Les risques potentiels sur les ressources en eau souterraine et leur qualité sont discutés. En conclusion, des questions importantes restent à aborder si une utilisation durable des ressources en eau des aquifères de socle du Zimbabwe doit être atteinte, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les approches d’implantation des forages et la prévention de la contamination des eaux souterraines. La principale recommandation est de répondre à l’insuffisance de données de suivi des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères de socle à l’échelle nationale, en mettant en place un cadre technique de gestion des ressources en eau souterraine.

Resumen

La evaluación del potencial de agua subterránea de los acuíferos del basamento cristalino es un desafío. Estos sistemas pueden ser altamente variables espacialmente, como lo indica la perforación de numerosos pozos secos y la variación estacional en las tasas de descarga. Este artículo revisa las metodologías aplicadas para la evaluación de la presencia de agua subterránea y la estimación del rendimiento en los acuíferos del basamento cristalino en Zimbabwe. Estos acuíferos subyacen en gran parte del país y se describen en términos de bajo rendimiento debido al bajo potencial de recarga en el clima semiárido. En tales regiones, el agua subterránea explotable se constituye en un suministro estratégico de agua potable que se utiliza para satisfacer las necesidades socioeconómicas de la población local. Los estudios de casos se utilizan para mostrar cómo se integran los métodos de percepción remota y geofísicos para mejorar las tasas de éxito de los pozos en los acuíferos del basamento en Zimbabwe. Se discuten las amenazas potenciales a los recursos y la calidad del agua subterránea dentro de los acuíferos del basamento cristalino. Se puede concluir que aún quedan por resolver los principales problemas para lograr el uso sostenible de los recursos hídricos de dichos acuíferos en Zimbabwe, especialmente con respecto a los enfoques de la ubicación de pozos y la prevención de la contaminación del agua subterránea. La recomendación clave es abordar la escasez de datos de monitoreo en los acuíferos del basamento cristalino a nivel nacional, creando así un marco técnico para la gestión del agua subterránea.

摘要

结晶基岩含水层地下水潜力评价具有挑战性。这些系统空间上可能变化无常,正如众多干井眼钻探及排泄量季节性变化表明的那样。本文综述了津巴布韦结晶基岩含水层地下水分布评估及出水量估算中应用的方法。这些含水层分布于整个国家大部分地区,由于半干旱气候中补给潜力很低,因此,出水量不大。在这样的地区,可开采的地下水形成了饮用水的战略供给,以满足当地居民的社会-经济需求。本文用研究案例展示了遥感和地球物理方法是怎样结合在一起提高津巴布韦基岩钻孔成功率的。论述了对结晶基岩内地下水资源和水质的威胁。结论是,如果要实现津巴布韦结晶基岩水资源的可持续利用,特别是针对钻孔选址方法以及地下水污染的预防,主要问题依然需要解决。关键的建议是解决国家层面上结晶基岩含水层基本的地下水监测数据。从而,搭建起技术上的地下水管理框架。

Resumo

A avaliação do potencial das águas subterrâneas de aquíferos de embasamento cristalino é um desafio. Estes sistemas podem ser altamente variáveis espacialmente, como indicado pela perfuração de numerosos furos secos e variações sazonais nas taxas de descarga. Este artigo revisa metodologias aplicadas para a avaliação da ocorrência e estimativa da produção de água subterrânea nos aquíferos do embasamento cristalino do Zimbábue. Estes aquíferos cobrem grande parte do país e são descritos em termos de baixo rendimento devido ao baixo potencial de recarga no clima semiárido. Em tais regiões, as águas subterrâneas exploráveis formam um suprimento estratégico de água potável usado para atender às necessidades socioeconômicas da população local. Estudos de caso são usados para mostrar como métodos de sensoriamento remoto e geofísicos são integrados para melhorar as taxas de sucesso de poços nos aquíferos de embasamento do Zimbábue. Ameaças potenciais aos recursos de água subterrânea e qualidade dentro de aquíferos de embasamento cristalino são discutidas. Pode-se concluir que as principais questões que ainda precisam ser abordadas para alcançar o uso sustentável dos recursos hídricos dos aquíferos de embasamento cristalino no Zimbábue, especialmente no que diz respeito a abordagens de localização de poços e prevenção da contaminação das águas subterrâneas. A principal recomendação é abordar a escassez de dados primários de monitoramento de águas subterrâneas dentro dos aquíferos do embasamento cristalino em nível nacional, criando assim um arcabouço técnico de gerenciamento de águas subterrâneas.

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Muchingami, I., Chuma, C., Gumbo, M. et al. Review: Approaches to groundwater exploration and resource evaluation in the crystalline basement aquifers of Zimbabwe. Hydrogeol J 27, 915–928 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01924-1

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