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Geologic controls on hydraulic conductivity in a karst-influenced carbonate bedrock groundwater system in southern Ontario, Canada

Contrôles géologiques de la conductivité hydraulique dans un système d’eaux souterraines de roches calcaires influencées par le karst dans le sud de l’Ontario, Canada

Controles geológicos de la conductividad hidráulica en un sistema kárstico de aguas subterráneas influenciados por un basamento carbonático en el sur de Ontario, Canadá

加拿大安大略湖省南部受岩溶影响的碳酸盐基岩地下水系统中地质条件对水力传导率的控制

Controles geológicos sobre a condutividade hidráulica em um sistema de lençol freático de Rocha carbonática com influência cárstica no sul de Ontário, Canadá

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Abstract

A large set of hydraulic conductivity values has been integrated with the geologic characterization of a Paleozoic-age carbonate groundwater system to assess the relative influence of specific geologic features on hydraulic conductivity. Three geologic controls are investigated: (1) proximity to bedrock valleys within a regional stress field; (2) carbonate rock texture; and (3) sequence stratigraphic breaks. Results demonstrate that high hydraulic conductivity values do not correlate with a single geological feature, but are associated with various features that have been enhanced by carbonate dissolution. Predicting the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity in carbonate rocks requires a regional understanding of the geological history with a conceptualization of where and when waters have interacted with the rocks to dissolve and enhance porosity through geologic time. This investigation focused on a region in southern Ontario, Canada, and concludes with a map identifying the area with the greatest probability of encountering high hydraulic conductivities in the main hydrostratigraphic unit, the Gasport Formation. The map supports the selection of groundwater resource exploration targets for a local municipality. Beyond the local benefits of this work, this investigation offers an approach that can be adopted by practitioners exploring for bedrock groundwater resources or characterizing contaminant transport pathways in complex karst-influenced, carbonate bedrock groundwater systems.

Résumé

Un vaste ensemble de valeurs de conductivité hydraulique a été intégré à la caractérisation géologique d’un système d’eaux souterraines carbonaté datant du Paléozoïque afin d’évaluer l’influence relative des caractéristiques géologiques spécifiques sur la conductivité hydraulique. Trois paramètres de contrôle géologique sont analysés: (1) proximité des fonds de vallée dans un champ de contrainte régionale; (2) texture de la roche carbonatée; et (3) séquence des séries stratigraphiques. Les résultats démontrent que de fortes valeurs de conductivité hydraulique ne sont pas corrélées avec une seule caractéristique géologique, mais sont associées à différents phénomènes qui ont développés et mis en évidence du fait de la dissolution des carbonates. Prédire la distribution spatiale de la conductivité hydraulique dans les roches carbonatées nécessite une compréhension régionale de l’histoire géologique avec une conceptualisation des interactions (où et quand) de l’eau avec les roches, donnant lieu à la dissolution des roches et au développement de la porosité au cours des temps géologiques. Cette étude a porté sur une région du sud de l’Ontario, au Canada, et une carte identifiant la région avec la plus grande probabilité de rencontrer des conductivités hydrauliques élevées dans l’unité hydrostratigraphique principale, la formation de Gasport en résulte. La carte permet la sélection de cibles d’exploration des eaux souterraines pour une municipalité locale. Au-delà des avantages locaux de ce travail, la recherche offre une approche qui peut être adoptée par des ingénieurs qui explorent les ressources en eaux souterraines du substratum rocheux ou qui caractérisent les voies de transport de contaminants dans des systèmes hydrogéologiques carbonatés complexes influencés par la présence de conduits karstiques.

Resumen

Se ha integrado un gran conjunto de valores de conductividad hidráulica con la característica geológica de un sistema carbonático de agua subterránea de edad paleozoica para evaluar la influencia relativa de las características geológicas específicas en la conductividad hidráulica. Se investigan tres controles geológicos: 1(1) la proximidad a los valles del basamento dentro de un campo de esfuerzos regionales; (2) la textura de la roca carbonática; y (3) las secuencias estratigráficas fracturadas. Los resultados de los altos valores de conductividad hidráulica no se correlacionan con una única característica geológica, sino que se asocian con las diversas características que se han aumentado con la disolución del carbonato. La predicción de la distribución espacial de la conductividad hidráulica en las rocas carbonatadas requiere una comprensión regional de la historia geológica con una conceptualización de dónde y cómo las aguas han interactuado con las rocas para disolver y aumentar la porosidad a través del tiempo geológico. Esta investigación se centró en una región en el sur de Ontario, Canadá, y concluyó con un mapa que identifica el área con la probabilidad de encontrar altas conductividades hidráulicas en la unidad hidroestratigráfica principal, que es la Formación Gasport. El mapa admite la selección de objetivos de exploración de recursos de agua subterránea para un municipio local. Más allá de los beneficios locales de este trabajo, esta investigación ofrece un enfoque que puede ser adoptado por los profesionales que exploran los recursos de agua subterránea del basamento que caracterizan las vías de transporte de contaminantes en los sistemas complejos de agua subterránea de un basamento de rocas carbonáticas.

摘要

利用大量的水力传导率值并结合古生代碳酸盐地下水系统的地质特征描述来评价特殊的地质特征对水力传导率的相关影响。调查了三个地质控制因素:(1)区域应力场内基岩山谷的接近度;(2)碳酸盐岩结构;(3)序列地层地形突变。结果显示,水力传导率值高与单个的地质特征并无相关,而与受到碳酸盐溶解得到增强的各种特征相关联。预测碳酸盐岩中的水力传导率空间分布需要区域上了解地质历史,并需要概念化何地何时水与岩石相互作用而发生溶解并在地质时代中增强了孔隙度。本研究专注于加拿大安大略省南部的一个地区,最后确定了在主要水文地层单元即Gasport地层中水力传达率可能最大的区域并绘制了图件。图件可以为当地社区选择地下水资源目标提供支持。除了为当地带来利益外,这项研究还为勘查基岩地下水资源的从业者提供了可以采纳的方法,或者为描述复杂的、受岩溶影响的碳酸盐基岩地下水系统中污染物运移途径的特征提供了可以采纳的方法。

Resumo

Um grande conjunto de valores de condutividade hidráulica foi integrado com a caracterização geológica de um sistema de águas subterrâneas carbonático de idade Paleozóica para avaliar a influência relativa de características geológicas específicas na condutividade hidráulica. Três controles geológicos são investigados: (1) proximidade de vales de rocha dentro de um campo de tensão regional; (2) textura da rocha carbonatica; e (3) quebras estratigráficas de sequência. Os resultados demonstram que altos valores de condutividade hidráulica não se correlacionam com uma única característica geológica, mas estão associados a vários recursos que foram aprimorados pela dissolução de carbonato. A previsão da distribuição espacial da condutividade hidráulica em rochas carbonáticas requer uma compreensão regional da história geológica com uma conceituação de onde e quando as águas interagem com as rochas para dissolver e melhorar a porosidade através do tempo geológico. Esta investigação concentrou-se em uma região no sul de Ontário, Canadá, e conclui com um mapa identificando a área com maior probabilidade de encontrar altas condutividades hidráulicas na unidade hidroestratigráfica principal, a Formação Gasport. O mapa apoia a seleção de alvos de exploração de recursos hídricos subterrâneos para um município local. Além dos benefícios locais deste trabalho, esta investigação oferece uma abordagem que pode ser adotada por profissionais que exploram recursos subterrâneos de águas subterrâneas ou que caracterizam vias de transporte de contaminantes em sistemas subterrâneos de águas subterrâneas carbonáticas complexos com influência cárstica.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Kei Yeung for his assistance with the topographic surface interpolation and water well vetting. Additional thanks go to Dave Belanger and Peter Busatto of the City of Guelph, Water Services for facilitating municipal hydraulic testing data acquisition. Many thanks to Julien Bonin for his superb drafting support. This manuscript has also benefited significantly from comprehensive and thoughtful reviews by Dr. Augusto Auler and an anonymous reviewer. This paper is published with the permission of the Director of the Ontario Geological Survey.

Funding

The authors would like to thank the Ontario Geological Survey, Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping section, for funding this investigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Earth Resources and Mapping Section, Ontario Geological Survey, Sudbury, ON, P3E 6B5, Canada

    Elizabeth H. Priebe & F. R. Brunton

  2. Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Elizabeth H. Priebe & D. L. Rudolph

  3. S.S. Papadopulos and Associates, Waterloo, ON, N2V 2A1, Canada

    C. J. Neville

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Priebe, E.H., Brunton, F.R., Rudolph, D.L. et al. Geologic controls on hydraulic conductivity in a karst-influenced carbonate bedrock groundwater system in southern Ontario, Canada. Hydrogeol J 27, 1291–1308 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1911-2

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