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Configuration of the limestone aquifers in the central part of Egypt using electrical measurements

Géométrie des aquifères calcaires du centre de l’Egypte à partir de mesures électriques.

Configuración de los acuíferos calcáreos del sector central de Egipto utilizando mediciones eléctricas

采用电法确定埃及中部石灰岩含水层的结构

Configuração dos aquíferos carbonatados na parte central do Egipto utilizando medições eléctricas

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Abstract

The Western Desert of Egypt is an area of natural expansion for agricultural, industrial, and civil activities. This expansion has led to a great demand for groundwater. In the central part of Egypt, on the western limestone plateau, vertical electrical sounding and borehole geophysical logging were conducted to delineate aquifer boundaries. The measurements were interpreted using the lithological information from the drilled wells as a constraining factor. Fractured chalky limestone sediments represent the main aquifer, which is covered by sand and gravel deposits and which rests directly on partially saturated and highly resistive massive limestone. Discontinuous clay layers, which overlie the aquifer unit, were detected in the southern part of the study area as well as a relatively thin marly limestone layer in the northern part. The integrated analyses carried out represent a significant and cost-effective method for delineating the main aquifer in this area. In turn, future well locations can be placed with more confidence than before, in accordance with the evaluation of the potentiality of the groundwater aquifers in the area. Although the groundwater is normally brackish, it can serve the acute demands for water, especially for agricultural purposes.

Résumé

Le Désert Occidental d’Egypte est un secteur d’expansion naturelle pour les activités agricoles, industrielles et civiles. Cette expansion a créé de forts besoins en eau souterraine. Sur le plateau calcaire occidental, dans la partie centrale de l’Egypte, des sondages électriques et des diagraphies géophysiques ont été réalisés dans le but de déterminer les limites de l’aquifère. Les mesures ont été interprétées en utilisant les informations lithologiques des puits forés comme facteur restrictif. Les calcaires crayeux constituent l’aquifère principal, qui est recouvert par des dépôts sableux et graveleux et qui surmonte des calcaires massifs partiellement saturés et fortement résistifs. Des niveaux argileux discontinus recouvrant l’unité aquifère ont été détectés sur le secteur ouest de la zone d’étude, ainsi qu’une fine couche de calcaires marneux sur le secteur nord. Les analyses exhaustives effectuées constituent une méthode efficace et rentable pour délimiter l’aquifère principal dans ce secteur. Dorénavant, les puits pourront être implantés avec plus d’assurance que par le passé, en accord avec l’évaluation des potentialités aquifères dans ce secteur. Même si cette eau souterraine est généralement saumâtre, elle peut constituer un appoint pour satisfaire les besoins en eau, notamment agricoles.

Resumen

El desierto del oeste de Egipto es un área de expansión natural por actividades agrícolas, industriales y civiles. Tal expansión ha producido una gran demanda de aguas subterráneas. En el sector central de Egipto, en la meseta calcárea oeste, se llevaron a cabo sondeos eléctricos verticales y registros geofísicos en pozos para delinear los límites acuíferos. Las mediciones se interpretaron utilizando la información litológica proveniente de pozos perforados. El acuífero principal consiste en sedimentos calcáreos fracturados, cubiertos por depósitos de arena y grava, y que yace sobre calizas masivas parcialmente saturadas y altamente resistivas. En el sector sur del área de estudio se detectaron capas discontinuas de arcillas por encima de la unidad acuífera, como así también una delgada capa de calizas margosas en el sector norte. El análisis integrado representa un método efectivo desde el punto de vista de costos para delinear el acuífero principal en el área. Aunque el agua subterránea es normalmente salobre, puede satisfacer las demandas agudas, especialmente para propósitos agrícolas.

摘要

由于农业、工业以及建设活动的发展, 埃及的西部沙漠正在被逐步开发, 产生了对地下水的大量需求。在埃及中部, 石灰岩高原西部, 采用电测深法及地球物理测井技术确定了含水层边界, 并将从钻井中获得的岩性信息作为解译测量方法的约束条件。含水层以白垩质裂隙灰岩为主, 是部分饱和的高电阻率块状灰岩, 上覆砂岩及砂砾岩沉积物。在研究区南部, 发现有不连续的粘土层覆盖在含水层上 ; 在研究区北部, 发现有相对较薄的泥质灰岩盖层。综合分析给出了一种效果显著的、经济可行的描绘该研究区含水层的方法。接下来, 依据该地区含水层地下水开发潜力的评估结果选取的井位,会更加有成功把握。尽管该地区地下水通常为微咸水, 但也可以为紧缺的水资源, 尤其是农业用水, 一解燃眉之急。

Resumo

O Deserto Ocidental do Egipto é uma área de expansão natural para fins agrícolas, industriais e particulares. Esta expansão provocou uma grande procura de águas subterrâneas. Na parte central do Egipto, no planalto calcário ocidental, foram realizadas sondagens eléctricas verticais e registos geofísicos em furos com o objectivo de delimitar as fronteiras do aquífero. As medições realizadas foram interpretadas usando as informações litológicas da perfuração dos furos como factor limitativo. Sedimentos de calcário fracturado (giz) representam o principal aquífero, recoberto por depósitos de areia e cascalho e que assenta directamente sobre o maciço calcário parcialmente saturado e altamente resistivo. Camadas de argila descontínuas, que recobrem a unidade aquífera, foram detectadas na parte sul da área de estudo, bem como uma camada de marga relativamente fina na parte norte. A integração das análises realizadas representa um método significativo de custo/benefício para delimitar o principal aquífero nesta área. Por seu turno, a localização de futuras captações pode ser efectuada com mais confiança do que anteriormente, de acordo com a avaliação do potencial dos aquíferos da região. Embora a água subterrânea seja normalmente salobra, pode servir as necessidades prementes, especialmente para fins agrícolas.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are greatly indebted to the Institute of Geophysics at Mountain University, Leoben, Austria, for their support in providing the laboratory facilities required for this research.

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Correspondence to M. M. Abou Heleika.

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Abou Heleika, M.M., Niesner, E. Configuration of the limestone aquifers in the central part of Egypt using electrical measurements. Hydrogeol J 17, 433–446 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0360-8

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